Due to their large-scale manufacture and widespread application, there have been a number of studies related to toxicological assessment of nanomaterials (NMs) over the past decade. Although there has been extensive research on the cytotoxicity of NMs, concerns have been raised about their possible genotoxicity. The genome is constantly exposed to genotoxic insults that can lead to DNA damage, which in turn can have consequences for health, such as the induction of carcinogenesis. This comprehensive review focuses on the direct and indirect interactions of NMs with DNA. Factors influencing the genotoxicity of NMs, such as their physicochemical characteristics, are also discussed. The mechanisms involved in the direct and indirect interactions of NMs with DNA are also reviewed. Many studies have shown that ENMs have genotoxic effects, such as chromosomal fragmentation, DNA strand breaks, point mutations, oxidative DNA adducts, apoptosis, hypoxic responses, mitochondrial dysfunction, and epigenetic modifications. As the data reported to date are inconsistent, it is difficult to draw definitive conclusions regarding the features of NMs that promote genotoxicity. Therefore, challenges and future research perspectives are discussed. This review provides insights into the genotoxic effects of NMs and their consequences for human health.

由于它们的大规模生产和广泛应用，在过去的十年中，已经进行了许多与纳米材料的毒理学评估有关的研究。尽管已经对NM的细胞毒性进行了广泛的研究，但人们对它们可能的遗传毒性提出了关注。基因组不断受到遗传毒性的伤害，可能导致DNA损伤，进而对健康产生影响，例如致癌作用的诱导。这篇全面的综述着重于NM与DNA的直接和间接相互作用。还讨论了影响NMs遗传毒性的因素，例如其理化特性。NMs与DNA的直接和间接相互作用中涉及的机制也进行了审查。许多研究表明，ENM具有遗传毒性作用，例如染色体片段化，DNA链断裂，点突变，氧化性DNA加合物，凋亡，缺氧反应，线粒体功能障碍和表观遗传修饰。由于迄今为止报道的数据不一致，因此很难就促进遗传毒性的NMs的特征得出明确的结论。因此，讨论了挑战和未来的研究前景。这篇综述提供了对NMs的遗传毒性作用及其对人类健康的影响的见解。讨论了挑战和未来的研究前景。这篇综述提供了对NMs的遗传毒性作用及其对人类健康的影响的见解。讨论了挑战和未来的研究前景。这篇综述提供了对NMs的遗传毒性作用及其对人类健康的影响的见解。