Fishes exhibit greater species diversity than any other group of vertebrates. They are found in most bodies of water, including those that pose extreme challenges, such as sulfide springs, rivers contaminated with heavy metals and organic pollutants, and caves without light. Adaptation to these extreme environments usually occurs rapidly, which has stimulated much interest in uncovering the genetic basis of such rapid adaptation. Since the sequencing of the zebrafish genome in 2001, rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technology has facilitated the additional sequencing of ~ 210 ray-finned fish genomes to date. As a result of this wealth of resources, much attention has been focused on the genetic basis of adaptation in fishes, particularly in extreme environments. The goal of this review is to summarize recent advances in fish genomics, with a specific focus on the use of genomic data to understand the genetic basis of adaptation to extreme environments in fishes. The results highlight that fishes often adapt to extreme environments through phenotypic and physiological changes that have a confirmed or inferred genetic basis. Moreover, such changes are usually rapid and repeated when parallel adaptation to similar extreme environments occurs. Specifically, parallel genetic changes are usually observed at both the intra- and interspecific level. The advances in fish genomics provide the opportunity to understand how evolutionary changes feed back into ecosystems that are facing extreme environmental changes, as well as to advance our understanding of the repeatability and predictability of evolutionary response (of fishes) to extreme environmental changes.

中文翻译：

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适应极端环境：鱼类基因组学的观点

鱼类比任何其他脊椎动物群表现出更大的物种多样性。它们存在于大多数水体中，包括那些构成极端挑战的水体，例如硫化物泉、被重金属和有机污染物污染的河流以及没有光线的洞穴。对这些极端环境的适应通常发生得很快，这激发了人们对揭示这种快速适应的遗传基础的兴趣。自 2001 年斑马鱼基因组测序以来，高通量测序技术的快速发展促进了迄今为止约 210 条辐鳍鱼基因组的额外测序。由于拥有如此丰富的资源，很多注意力都集中在鱼类适应的遗传基础上，特别是在极端环境中。本综述的目的是总结鱼类基因组学的最新进展，特别关注使用基因组数据来了解鱼类适应极端环境的遗传基础。结果强调，鱼类通常通过具有确认或推断遗传基础的表型和生理变化来适应极端环境。此外，当并行适应类似的极端环境时，这种变化通常是快速和重复的。具体而言，通常在种内和种间水平上观察到平行的遗传变化。鱼类基因组学的进步为了解进化变化如何反馈到面临极端环境变化的生态系统提供了机会，