Characterizing the relationships between genotype and phenotype for developmental adaptive traits is essential to understand the evolutionary dynamics underlying biodiversity. In holometabolous insects, the time to reach the reproductive stage and pupation site preference are two such traits. Here we characterize aspects of the genetic architecture for Developmental Time (decomposed in Larval and Pupal components) and Pupation Height using lines derived from three natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster raised at two temperatures. For all traits, phenotypic differences and variation in plasticity between populations suggest adaptation to the original thermal regimes. However, high variability within populations shows that selection does not exhaust genetic variance for these traits. This could be partly explained by local adaptation, environmental heterogeneity and modifications in the genetic architecture of traits according to environment and ontogenetic stage. Indeed, our results show that the genetic factors affecting Developmental Time and Pupation Height are temperature-specific. Varying relationships between Larval and Pupal Developmental Time between and within populations also suggest stage-specific modifications of genetic architecture for this trait. This flexibility would allow for a somewhat independent evolution of adaptive traits at different environments and life stages, favoring the maintenance of genetic variability and thus sustaining the traits’ evolvabilities.

中文翻译：

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早期健身性状自然遗传变异的研究揭示了果蝇幼虫和Pu发育时间之间的解耦。

表征发育适应性状的基因型和表型之间的关系对于理解生物多样性背后的进化动力学至关重要。在全代谢昆虫中，达到生殖阶段的时间和化up位点偏好是两个这样的特性。在这里，我们使用果蝇的三个自然种群衍生的品系来表征发育时间（在幼虫和and的成分中分解）和化up高度的遗传结构方面在两个温度下升高。对于所有性状，群体之间的表型差异和可塑性变化表明适应了原始的热态。但是，种群内部的高变异性表明选择并不能耗尽这些性状的遗传变异。这可以部分地由局部适应，环境异质性以及根据环境和个体发育阶段对性状的遗传结构进行的修改来解释。实际上，我们的结果表明，影响发育时间和化up高度的遗传因素是温度特异性的。种群之间和种群内部的幼虫和Pu发育时间之间的变化关系也暗示了该性状的特定阶段遗传结构修饰。