High-rate electrochemical systems as well as materials and electrolytes for such systems are briefly described. An optimized citrate method is presented for the synthesis of nanosized electrode materials with electrochemical properties comparable to the properties of the best commercial samples. Possible criteria for an ideal electrode material are formulated and the theoretical high-rate limit of such material is estimated. Dynamic criteria are proposed to identify the specific species in the electrolyte solutions and the most efficient charge transfer is shown to be carried out by solvent-separated ion pairs.

中文翻译：

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用于高速电化学能源系统的电极材料和电解质：综述

简要描述了高速电化学系统以及用于此类系统的材料和电解质。提出了一种优化的柠檬酸盐方法，用于合成纳米电极材料，其电化学性能可与最佳商业样品的性能相媲美。制定了理想电极材料的可能标准，并估计了这种材料的理论高速率极限。提出了动态标准来识别电解质溶液中的特定种类，并且显示出最有效的电荷转移是由溶剂分离的离子对进行的。