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On Madeira, the success of the speckled wood butterfly (Pararge aegeria) has coincided with declining populations of the Madeiran speckled wood (Pararge xiphia): is the colonist to blame?
Journal of Insect Conservation ( IF 1.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-04 , DOI: 10.1007/s10841-019-00209-y
Elliot W. Bland , Lesley A. Lace

The endemic Madeiran speckled wood butterfly (Pararge xiphia) was once abundant and widely distributed on the island of Madeira. Declining populations and a range contraction have coincided with the colonisation of Madeira by the speckled wood (Pararge aegeria). The colonist has expanded its range and increased in abundance, whereas the opposite is true for P. xiphia, where a decline in occurrence and abundance resulted in its current endangered designation. During 3 weeks in July and August of 2018, we assessed the relative abundance, distribution and habitat preferences of the Pararge species on Madeira on ten transects, at a range of locations and altitudes, recording all individuals of both species. In addition, we scored percentage cover of several habitat variables per 5-min periods of recording on each transect. Our findings support an ongoing decline in relative abundance of P. xiphia, which accounted for 25% of Pararge individuals in 2018 compared with historical date from 1986, when P. xiphia represented 78% of the Pararge population. The endemic species was associated with the native laurel forest and P. aegeria with non-native planted forests and agriculture. In addition, we found evidence for an altitudinal range-shift ‘uphill’ which was particularly evident in P. aegeria. Causal reasons for the decline of P. xiphia are difficult to pinpoint; however, we surmise that one or more, or a combination of factors ranging from interspecific competition, habitat loss and disturbance resulting from recent environmental events and parasitism may be accountable.

中文翻译:

在马德拉岛,斑纹木蝶 (Pararge aegeria) 的成功恰逢马德拉斑纹木蝶 (Pararge xiphia) 种群下降:是殖民者的错吗?

地方性马德拉斑点木蝴蝶(Pararge xiphia)曾经在马德拉岛上大量分布。人口减少和范围缩小恰逢马德拉被斑点木(Pararge aegeria)殖民化。殖民者扩大了其范围并增加了数量,而 P. xiphia 则相反,其发生率和丰度的下降导致其目前的濒危名称。在 2018 年 7 月和 8 月的 3 周内,我们评估了马德拉岛 Pararge 物种在一系列地点和海拔的十个横断面上的相对丰度、分布和栖息地偏好,记录了这两个物种的所有个体。此外,我们对每个横断面每 5 分钟的记录周期对几个栖息地变量的覆盖百分比进行了评分。我们的研究结果支持 P. xiphia 的相对丰度持续下降,与 1986 年的历史日期相比,P. xiphia 在 2018 年占 Pararge 个体的 25%,当时 P. xiphia 占 Pararge 种群的 78%。特有物种与本地月桂林和 P. aegeria 与非本地人工林和农业有关。此外,我们发现了海拔范围偏移“上坡”的证据,这在 P. aegeria 中尤为明显。P. xiphia 衰落的原因很难确定;然而,我们推测,最近的环境事件和寄生虫引起的种间竞争、栖息地丧失和干扰等一个或多个因素或多种因素的组合可能是有责任的。与 1986 年的历史日期相比,2018 年占 Pararge 个体的 25%,当时 P. xiphia 占 Pararge 种群的 78%。特有物种与本地月桂林和 P. aegeria 与非本地人工林和农业有关。此外,我们发现了海拔范围偏移“上坡”的证据,这在 P. aegeria 中尤为明显。P. xiphia 衰落的原因很难确定;然而,我们推测,最近的环境事件和寄生虫造成的种间竞争、栖息地丧失和干扰等一个或多个或多种因素的组合可能是负责任的。与 1986 年的历史日期相比,2018 年占 Pararge 个体的 25%,当时 P. xiphia 占 Pararge 种群的 78%。特有物种与本地月桂林和 P. aegeria 与非本地人工林和农业有关。此外,我们发现了海拔范围偏移“上坡”的证据,这在 P. aegeria 中尤为明显。P. xiphia 衰落的原因很难确定;然而,我们推测,最近的环境事件和寄生虫引起的种间竞争、栖息地丧失和干扰等一个或多个因素或多种因素的组合可能是有责任的。aegeria 与非本地人工林和农业。此外,我们发现了海拔范围偏移“上坡”的证据,这在 P. aegeria 中尤为明显。P. xiphia 衰落的原因很难确定;然而,我们推测,最近的环境事件和寄生虫引起的种间竞争、栖息地丧失和干扰等一个或多个因素或多种因素的组合可能是有责任的。aegeria 与非本地人工林和农业。此外,我们发现了海拔范围偏移“上坡”的证据,这在 P. aegeria 中尤为明显。P. xiphia 衰落的原因很难确定;然而,我们推测,最近的环境事件和寄生虫引起的种间竞争、栖息地丧失和干扰等一个或多个因素或多种因素的组合可能是有责任的。
更新日期:2020-01-04
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