Complex software-intensive systems are often described as systems of systems (SoS) due to their heterogeneous architectural elements. As SoS behavior is often only understandable during operation, runtime monitoring is needed to detect deviations from requirements. Today, while diverse monitoring approaches exist, most do not provide what is needed to monitor SoS, e.g., support for dynamically defining and deploying diverse checks across multiple systems. In this paper we report on our experiences of developing, applying, and evolving an approach for monitoring an SoS in the domain of industrial automation software, that is based on a domain-specific language (DSL). We first describe our initial approach to dynamically define and check constraints in SoS at runtime and then motivate and describe its evolution based on requirements elicited in an industry collaboration project. We furthermore describe solutions we have developed to support the evolution of our approach, i.e., a code generation approach and a framework to automate testing the DSL after changes. We evaluate the expressiveness and scalability of our new DSL-based approach using an industrial SoS. We also discuss lessons we learned. Our results show that while developing a DSL-based approach is a good solution to support industrial users, one must prepare the approach for evolution, by making it extensible and adaptable to future scenarios. Particularly, support for automated (re-)generation of tools and code after changes and automated testing are essential.

中文翻译：

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开发和发展基于 DSL 的系统运行时监控方法

由于其异构架构元素，复杂的软件密集型系统通常被描述为系统的系统 (SoS)。由于 SoS 行为通常只能在操作期间才能理解，因此需要运行时监控来检测与需求的偏差。今天，虽然存在不同的监控方法，但大多数不提供监控 SoS 所需的东西，例如，支持跨多个系统动态定义和部署不同的检查。在本文中，我们报告了我们在工业自动化软件领域开发、应用和发展一种基于领域特定语言 (DSL) 的 SoS 监控方法的经验。我们首先描述了在运行时动态定义和检查 SoS 中约束的初始方法，然后根据行业协作项目中引发的需求激励和描述其演变。我们还描述了我们开发的解决方案，以支持我们的方法的演变，即代码生成方法和在更改后自动测试 DSL 的框架。我们使用工业 SoS 评估我们基于 DSL 的新方法的表现力和可扩展性。我们还讨论了我们学到的经验教训。我们的结果表明，虽然开发基于 DSL 的方法是支持工业用户的一个很好的解决方案，但人们必须为进化做好准备，使其可扩展并适应未来的场景。特别，