Peripheral nerve injury is encountered quite commonly in the clinic, and treatment results are often not satisfactory. Therefore, promoting nerve regeneration and functional recovery is a primary goal of neuroscience research. Recovery of corresponding target muscle can differ following peripheral nerve injury, but the reasons are unknown. Herein, we investigated differential gene and protein expression in gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscle following tibial and common peroneal nerve injury using RNA sequencing and proteomics approaches, and analysed the results by bioinformatics. In total, 1794, 1765, 1656 and 2006 differential genes and 398, 400, 959 and 472 differential proteins were identified in gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles at 1, 7, 14 and 21 days after surgery, related to activation of 51 signalling pathways. Differential expression of these genes and proteins may contribute to the degree of recovery of target organs following peripheral nerve injury. The findings provide a foundation for investigating regeneration mechanisms following peripheral nerve injury.

周围神经损伤在临床上很常见，治疗效果通常不令人满意。因此，促进神经再生和功能恢复是神经科学研究的主要目标。周围神经损伤后相应目标肌肉的恢复可能会有所不同，但原因尚不清楚。在本文中，我们使用RNA测序和蛋白质组学方法研究了胫腓骨和腓总神经损伤后腓肠肌和胫骨前肌的差异基因和蛋白质表达，并通过生物信息学分析了结果。总共在手术后1、7、14和21天在腓肠肌和胫骨前肌中鉴定出1794、1765、1656和2006个差异基因和398、400、959和472个差异蛋白，这与51种信号通路的激活有关。这些基因和蛋白质的差异表达可能有助于周围神经损伤后靶器官的恢复程度。这些发现为研究周围神经损伤后的再生机制提供了基础。