The paper aims to provide an overview of the key factors to consider when performing reliable modelling of rail services. Given our underlying belief that to build a robust simulation environment a rail service cannot be considered an isolated system, also the connected systems, which influence and, in turn, are influenced by such services, must be properly modelled. For this purpose, an extensive overview of the rail simulation and optimisation models proposed in the literature is first provided. Rail simulation models are classified according to the level of detail implemented (microscopic, mesoscopic and macroscopic), the variables involved (deterministic and stochastic) and the processing techniques adopted (synchronous and asynchronous). By contrast, within rail optimisation models, both planning (timetabling) and management (rescheduling) phases are discussed. The main issues concerning the interaction of rail services with travel demand flows and the energy domain are also described. Finally, in an attempt to provide a comprehensive framework an overview of the main metaheuristic resolution techniques used in the planning and management phases is shown.

中文翻译：

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调度和重新安排任务及其与旅行需求和能源领域的相互作用：模型和算法

本文旨在提供对铁路服务进行可靠建模时要考虑的关键因素的概述。考虑到我们的基本信念，即要构建强大的仿真环境，不能将铁路服务视为孤立的系统，因此，必须对影响此类服务并进而受其影响的连接系统进行建模。为此，首先提供文献中提出的轨道仿真和优化模型的广泛概述。铁路仿真模型根据实现的详细程度（微观，中观和宏观），涉及的变量（确定性和随机性）和采用的处理技术（同步和异步）进行分类。相比之下，在铁路优化模型中，讨论了计划（时间表）和管理（重新计划）阶段。还描述了有关铁路服务与旅行需求流和能源领域之间相互作用的主要问题。最后，为了提供一个全面的框架，对计划和管理阶段中使用的主要元启发式解决方案技术进行了概述。