The present study was designed to investigate the manifestations of diallyl phthalate (DAP)-induced oxidative stress in Spirodela polyrhiza. Plants were exposed to varying concentrations of DAP, viz. 10, 20, 40, 80, 100, 200, 400 ppm for 7 days under in vitro conditions. Biochemical analysis after harvesting revealed various phytotoxic effects of DAP on S. polyrhiza which was quite evident from a significant decline in fresh weight and dry-to-fresh weight ratio with progressively increasing concentrations of DAP. Plants accumulated a significant amount of DAP (92.00 mg/kgfw) at 80 ppm concentration which led to alterations in photosynthetic pigments (chl a, chl b, total chlorophyll), increase in carotenoid and anthocyanin pigment, increase in lipid peroxidation, decrease in protein and carbohydrate content. Results also revealed significant effects of DAP on increased proline, phenols and electrolyte leakage. In response to this and to confer DAP tolerance in S. polyrhiza, activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, APX, CAT, POD and GR) elevated with proceeding concentrations. Moreover, toxicological implications in plants were confirmed by observing scanning electron micrographs and confocal micrographs of frond and root, respectively, implying oxidative damage faced by plant under DAP exposure. Considering all these results into account, it appeared that there are alarming consequences of DAP toxicity to S. polyrhiza and this plant exhibited better phthalate tolerance ability attributed to its efficient antioxidant machinery which may play a cardinal role in combating diallyl phthalate-mediated stress.

中文翻译：

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Spirodela polyrhiza L. Schleiden中邻苯二甲酸二烯丙基酯引发的氧化应激：生理效应和抗氧化防御系统的作用

本研究旨在探讨邻苯二甲酸二烯丙酯（DAP）诱导的氧化应激的表现紫萍。使植物暴露于不同浓度的DAP。10、20、40、80、100、200、400 ppm在体外条件下放置7天。收获后的生化分析显示DAP对多毛链霉菌有多种植物毒性作用随着DAP浓度的逐渐增加，鲜重和干重比的显着下降是非常明显的。植物在80 ppm浓度下积累了大量DAP（92.00 mg / kgfw），这导致光合色素（chla，chlb，总叶绿素）发生变化，类胡萝卜素和花色苷色素增加，脂质过氧化作用增加，蛋白质减少和碳水化合物含量。结果还显示了DAP对脯氨酸，酚和电解质泄漏增加的显着影响。响应于此并赋予多枝链球菌DAP耐受性，抗氧化酶（SOD，APX，CAT，POD和GR）的活性随浓度的升高而增加。此外，通过分别观察叶和根的扫描电子显微镜照片和共聚焦显微镜照片，证实了植物的毒理学含义，这暗示了DAP暴露下植物面临的氧化损伤。考虑到所有这些结果，看来DAP对多毛链球菌具有毒性的惊人结果，并且该植物表现出更好的邻苯二甲酸酯耐受能力，这归因于其有效的抗氧化剂机制，其可能在抵抗邻苯二甲酸二烯丙基烯丙基酯介导的胁迫中发挥重要作用。