The present work examines and discusses the response of the atmospheric layers to solar variations, whereas the solar outputs are responsible for the changes in the Earth’s environment. Galactic cosmic ray rates (GCRs), solar cycle lengths (SCLs), sunspots (Rz), coronal index (CI) of solar activities, the aa geomagnetic activity index, total solar irradiance (TSI), CO₂ concentrations, global surface temperatures (GSTs), the near-Earth of the northern and southern hemispheres temperatures have been examined. Our results displayed that every SCL has different behaviors to the sensitivity of GST, according to different modulations of GCRs by solar wind/helio-magnetic field parameters. Lower cosmic rays and higher solar irradiance and geomagnetic activity occur when solar activity increases. Furthermore, the average sensitivities of global temperature to geomagnetics aa and total solar irradiance and in turn low-level cloud cover are significant and real. Our results could indicate that geomagnetic disturbances, which driven by the solar wind, may influence global temperature. Both correlations of GST–Rz displayed the same behavior to the end of SC 22nd, and a great discrepancy is observed during the SC 23rd. The observed correlations of Rz with NH and SH temperatures displayed different behaviors. Four different mechanisms are involved in the direct/indirect effect of TSI variations on the Earth’s atmosphere and temperatures.

中文翻译：

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大气对太阳变化的响应

本工作检查并讨论了大气层对太阳变化的响应，而太阳输出负责地球环境的变化。银河宇宙射线率（GCR），太阳周期长度（SCL），黑子（Rz），太阳活动的日冕指数（CI），aa地磁活动指数，总太阳辐照度（TSI），CO ₂浓度，全球地表温度（GST），北半球和南半球的近地温度均已检查。我们的结果表明，根据太阳风/日磁场参数对GCR的不同调制，每个SCL对GST的敏感性都有不同的行为。太阳活动增加时，宇宙射线就会减少，太阳辐照度和地磁活动也会增加。此外，全球温度对地磁aa和总太阳辐照度的平均敏感度，进而对低层云量的敏感度也是重要且真实的。我们的结果可能表明，由太阳风驱动的地磁干扰可能会影响全球温度。GST–Rz的两个相关性在SC 22nd末期都表现出相同的行为，并且在SC 23rd期间观察到很大的差异。观察到的Rz与NH和SH温度的相关性表现出不同的行为。TSI变化对地球大气和温度的直接/间接影响涉及四种不同的机制。