Oak wilt disease and deer browsing have depleted the canopy and forest floor of secondary Quercus serrata and Quercus variabilis forests in Japan. Small-scale clear-cuttings enhance sprouting, and are, therefore, recommended for restoration of the damaged forests. However, most damaged forests are composed of mature stands, and it is not clear whether they would sprout successfully when cut. Moreover, little is known about the regeneration of forests damaged by both oak wilt disease and deer browsing. To determine the appropriate treatment for restoration of damaged Q. serrata and Q. variabilis forests, we established a study site with three different treatments (10 × 30 m each) in Kyoto City: clear-cut and fenced, removed dead oak trees and fenced, and removed dead oak trees and unfenced. After 1-year treatment, the number of species and individual saplings tended to increase at the lower slope of each treatment site with dominance of Ilex pedunculosa. The largest species and individual numbers were observed at the clear-cut fenced site, where pioneer species such as Mallotus japonicus were found. A few seedlings of Q. serrata were found at each treatment site, and no Q. variabilis was recorded. The emergence of Q. serrata seedlings was explained by their location at the slope and not by the treatment. Moreover, many sprouts of Q. serrata and Q. variabilis were observed at the clear-cut fenced site. Although further monitoring is needed, clear-cutting and fencing appear to be an effective method for the rehabilitation of depleted forests.

中文翻译：

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橡树枯萎病和鹿浏览所破坏的森林中的早期植被恢复：防鹿栅栏和清晰的树木

橡树枯萎病和鹿的浏览已经耗尽了日本次生栎和锯缘栎森林的冠层和林底。小规模的砍伐可促进发芽，因此建议用于恢复受损森林。但是，大多数受损的森林是由成熟的林分组成的，尚不清楚它们砍伐后是否会成功发芽。此外，对于因橡树枯萎病和鹿浏览而受损的森林的更新知之甚少。确定恢复受损锯齿状Q.和变异状Q.的合适的治疗方法森林，我们在京都市建立了一个研究场所，采用了三种不同的处理方法（每种处理方式为10×30 m）：砍伐和围栏，清除枯萎的橡树和围栏，以及清除枯死的橡树和不设防。经过一年的治疗，在每个治疗部位的较低坡度处，树种的数量和单个幼树的数量都有增加的趋势，其中以冬青虫为主。在清晰的围栏位置观察到最大的物种和个体数量，在那里发现了先锋树种，例如日本Mallotus japonicus。在每个处理位点都发现了一些锯缘青霉（Q. serrata）幼苗，没有记录到变异青霉（Q. variabilis）。锯缘青蟹的出现幼苗是通过它们在斜坡上的位置而不是通过处理来解释的。此外，在清晰的围栏位置还观察到了锯缘木和变异木豆的许多新芽。尽管需要进一步监测，但砍伐和围墙似乎是恢复枯竭森林的有效方法。