This review seeks to provide an update of preclinical findings and available clinical data on the chronic persistent inflammation and its direct role on the pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) progression. We reviewed the different mechanisms by which the inflammatory and immune pathways contribute to the structural and functional changes occurring in the three vascular compartments: the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia. We also discussed how these inflammatory mediator changes may serve as a biomarker of the PAH progression and summarize unanswered questions and opportunities for future studies in this area.

中文翻译：

---

肺动脉高压中血管壁内的慢性炎症：不仅仅是旁观者

这篇综述旨在提供有关慢性持续性炎症及其对肺动脉高压（PAH）进展的直接作用的临床前研究结果和可用的临床数据的更新。我们回顾了炎症和免疫途径促成在三个血管区室中发生的结构和功能变化的不同机制：中膜，中膜和外膜。我们还讨论了这些炎性介质的变化如何作为PAH进展的生物标志物，并总结了该领域未来研究的未解决问题和机会。