This study investigates the impacts of marginal sea surface temperature (SST) on temperature variations over the Korean Peninsula in winter via observation data analysis and numerical model simulation. The marginal SST variability is represented using ocean temperature variations at the Ieodo Ocean Research Station (IORS), wherein the oceanic and atmospheric variables are observed in real-time. The wind efficiency is defined as the Korean temperature response to given winds related to variability of Korean temperature. Based on the strong correlation between SST and land temperature, the wind efficiency is determined to estimate the effect of ocean temperature variation on the land temperature. Results confirmed that the wind efficiency is closely related to the marginal SST by modulating latent and sensible heat flux, which considerably affects the climate variation over the Korean Peninsula. A significant lagged relation between the wind efficiency and marginal SST further supports this finding. The numerical experiment using the weather research and forecasting model (WRF) has strong agreement with the observational analysis. Thus, real-time ocean observational data at IORS can be used as an indicator of climate prediction over the Korean Peninsula.

中文翻译：

---

依奥多海洋研究站附近海温代表的SST模式对朝鲜半岛冬季气候变化的影响

本研究通过观测数据分析和数值模型模拟研究了边际海表温度（SST）对冬季朝鲜半岛温度变化的影响。边际海表温度的变异性是利用衣江海洋研究站（IORS）的海洋温度变化来表示的，其中海洋和大气变量是实时观测的。风力效率的定义是韩国对与韩国温度变化相关的风的温度响应。基于海温与陆地温度之间的强相关性，确定风的效率，以估算海洋温度变化对陆地温度的影响。结果证实，通过调节潜热和显热通量，风效率与边际SST密切相关，这大大影响了朝鲜半岛的气候变化。风效率和边际SST之间的显着滞后关系进一步支持了这一发现。使用天气研究和预报模型（WRF）进行的数值实验与观测分析具有很强的一致性。因此，IORS的实时海洋观测数据可以用作朝鲜半岛气候预测的指标。