Huanglongbing (HLB), the most destructive citrus disease worldwide, was first recorded in Brazil in 2004, and since then, more than 50 million trees identified with this disease have been eliminated. The disease is managed mainly by controlling the psyllid vector Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908 (Hemiptera: Liviidae). Although the presence of the insect in commercial citrus groves is low, HLB infection rates increase in areas bordering the groves. The disease is transmitted by psyllids from host citrus plants in areas outside the managed groves, such as abandoned or organic groves and residential trees, and from orange jasmine plants in urban settings. In order to provide information to support HLB control, this study evaluated the biotic and abiotic variables that affect the dynamics of D. citri populations after releases of the parasitoid wasp Tamarixia radiata (Waterston, 1922) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in external sources of HLB inocula. The study was divided into two parts. After releasing the parasitoids in non-commercial areas, we determined the following: (a) the variables that significantly affected the number of nymphs collected on shoots in the same non-commercial area; (b) the variables that significantly affected the number of adult psyllids collected in a neighboring commercial citrus area. Our results indicated that the number of nymphs in external areas was affected only by the host plant and rainfall. However, periodic parasitoid releases significantly reduced the number of adult psyllids collected in the commercial area. The results indicate that the release of parasitoids in external sources of inocula has the potential to maximize actions for D. citri control, contributing to the reduction of psyllid populations in commercial areas. Consequently, this strategy may help to manage the disease infection without an increase in insecticide use.

中文翻译：

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敌人在外面：在HLB接种物的外部来源中释放寄生寄生的Tamarixia radiata（膜翅目：Eulophidae），以控制亚洲柑橘Psyllid Diaphorina citri（Hemiptera：Liviidae）

黄龙病（HLB）是世界上最具破坏性的柑橘病，最早于2004年在巴西被记录下来，从那以后，已鉴定出超过5000万棵与该病有关的树木。该病主要通过控制木虱载体“柠檬泛函”（Diaphorina citri Kuwayama，1908）（半翅目：era科）来控制。尽管在商业柑橘林中该昆虫的存在率很低，但是在该林周围的区域，HLB感染率却增加了。该病是由木虱从被管理的小树林以外的地区的寄主柑桔类植物传播的，例如废弃的或有机的小树林和民用树木，以及城市环境中的橙色茉莉植物。为了提供支持HLB控制的信息，本研究评估了影响柠檬果蝇动力学的生物和非生物变量。寄生黄蜂Tamarixia radiata释放后的种群（Waterston，1922）（膜翅目：Eulophidae）在HLB接种的外部来源中。该研究分为两个部分。在非商业区域释放了这些寄生虫后，我们确定了以下内容：（a）显着影响同一非商业区域新芽中所收集的若虫数量的变量；（b）显着影响在邻近商业柑橘地区收集的成年木虱数量的变量。我们的结果表明，外部区域的若虫数量仅受寄主植物和降雨的影响。但是，周期性的寄生物释放显着减少了在商业区域收集的成年木虱的数量。结果表明，寄生虫在外部接种源中的释放具有使柠檬果蝇的作用最大化的潜力。控制，有助于减少商业区域的木虱种群。因此，该策略可能有助于控制疾病的感染而无需增加杀虫剂的使用。