Cleome gynandra L. is used as a vegetable that forms a significant part of the local diet in South Africa and other tropical and subtropical parts of the world. Cleome gynandra seeds are negatively photoblastic (light-induced dormancy) and fail to germinate when planted immediately after harvest. To enhance better cultivation practices, seed germination of C. gynandra using different light wavelengths (red, far-red, green and blue light) with and without organic biostimulants [smoke–water (SW), karrikinolide (KAR1), Kelpak® (KEL) and eckol (ECK)] was tested. Among all the tested biostimulants, the best germination percentage (40%) was observed in seeds treated with SW in the dark. However, the biostimulants did not show any significant effect with the light treatments. In this study, blue light generally promoted (≤ 35%) and red light inhibited (≤ 8%) germination. Furthermore, the effect of different biostimulants (under blue and red light) on biochemical content and enzyme activities was tested in seeds of C. gynandra. Seeds treated with biostimulants in blue light showed an overall increase in protein and total carbohydrate content in comparison to seeds subjected to biostimulants in red light. The α-amylase activity in the seeds was highest in KEL-treated seeds in blue light. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity was generally higher in blue-light treatment, while peroxidase activity was highest in red light. Enhanced germination under blue light and inhibitory effects with red light is an intriguing phenomenon for C. gynandra seeds, which needs more detailed investigation. The study also indicates the potential application of organic biostimulants (particularly SW) for better seed germination and growth of C. gynandra which can be explored by farmers in the field.

中文翻译：

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生物刺激素和光波长对金银花种子生理的影响

Cleome gynandra L. 被用作一种蔬菜，在南非和世界其他热带和亚热带地区是当地饮食的重要组成部分。Cleome gynandra 种子对光致呈负性（光诱导休眠），在收获后立即种植时无法发芽。为了加强更好的栽培实践，使用不同光波长（红光、远红光、绿光和蓝光）在有和没有有机生物刺激剂 [烟-水 (SW)、karrikinolide (KAR1)、Kelpak® (KEL) ) 和 eckol (ECK)] 进行了测试。在所有测试的生物刺激素中，在黑暗中用 SW 处理的种子中观察到最佳的发芽率 (40%)。然而，生物刺激剂在光处理中没有表现出任何显着影响。在这项研究中，蓝光普遍促进（≤ 35%）发芽，红光抑制（≤ 8%）发芽。此外，在 C. gynandra 种子中测试了不同生物刺激剂（在蓝光和红光下）对生化含量和酶活性的影响。与在红光下处理生物刺激剂的种子相比，在蓝光下用生物刺激剂处理的种子显示蛋白质和总碳水化合物含量总体增加。种子中的 α-淀粉酶活性在蓝光下 KEL 处理的种子中最高。超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性在蓝光处理中普遍较高，而过氧化物酶活性在红光处理中最高。蓝光下增强发芽和红光抑制作用是 C. gynandra 种子的一个有趣现象，需要更详细的调查。