ABSTRACT Adapting to learner characteristics is essential when selecting exercises for learners in an intelligent tutoring system. This paper investigates how humans adapt next exercise selection (in particular difficulty level) to learner personality, invested mental effort, and performance to inspire an adaptive exercise selection algorithm. First, the paper describes the investigations to produce validated materials for the main studies, namely the creation and validation of self-esteem personality stories, mental effort statements, and mathematical exercises with varying levels of difficulty. Next, through empirical studies, we investigate the impact on exercise selection of learner's self-esteem (low versus high self-esteem) and effort (minimal, little, moderate, much, and all possible effort). Three studies investigate this for learners who had different performances on a previous exercise: just passing, just failing, and performed well. Participants considered a fictional learner with a certain performance, self-esteem and effort, and selected the difficulty level of the next mathematical exercise. We found that self-esteem, mental effort, and performance all impacted the difficulty level of the exercises selected for learners. Finally, using the results from the studies, we propose an algorithm that selects exercises with varying difficulty levels adapted to learner characteristics.

中文翻译：

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根据表现、努力和自尊调整运动选择

摘要 在智能辅导系统中为学习者选择练习时，适应学习者的特征是必不可少的。本文研究了人类如何根据学习者的个性、投入的脑力和表现来调整下一个练习选择（特别是难度级别），以激发自适应练习选择算法。首先，本文描述了为主要研究制作验证材料的调查，即自尊人格故事的创建和验证、心理努力陈述以及不同难度的数学练习。接下来，通过实证研究，我们调查了学习者的自尊（低自尊与高自尊）和努力（最小、很少、中等、很大和所有可能的努力）对练习选择的影响。三项研究针对在之前的练习中表现不同的学习者进行了调查：只是通过了，只是失败了，并且表现良好。参与者考虑了一个具有一定表现、自尊和努力的虚构学习者，并选择了下一个数学练习的难度级别。我们发现自尊、精神努力和表现都会影响为学习者选择的练习的难度级别。最后，使用研究结果，我们提出了一种算法，该算法可以根据学习者的特征选择具有不同难度级别的练习。并选择了下一个数学练习的难度级别。我们发现自尊、精神努力和表现都会影响为学习者选择的练习的难度级别。最后，使用研究结果，我们提出了一种算法，该算法可以选择适合学习者特征的不同难度级别的练习。并选择了下一个数学练习的难度级别。我们发现自尊、精神努力和表现都会影响为学习者选择的练习的难度级别。最后，使用研究结果，我们提出了一种算法，该算法可以选择适合学习者特征的不同难度级别的练习。