The exposure to mycotoxins of Swedish adolescents is currently unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the exposure to mycotoxins and their association with food intake, and background characteristics in adolescents of a national dietary survey. About 3000 school students (1000 from the 5th, 8th and 11th school years) were recruited for the survey. The participants completed Web-based questionnaires on food propensity, sociodemography and health, and a Web-based dietary recall. Spot urine and blood samples were collected from 1105 of the participants for mycotoxin biomarker analysis. Mycotoxins were analysed with multibiomarker methods in urine (HPLC-MS/MS) and serum (HPLC-MS/MS). Of the 35 different analytes in urine, the frequency of positive samples were the following: deoxynivalenol (DON, 4.8%), DON-15-β-D-O-glucuronide (DON-15GlcA, 9.1%), dihydro-citrinone (DH-CIT, 0.5%), HT-2-glucuronide (HT-2-3-GlcA, 0.1%) and ochratoxin A (OTA, 0.1%). Of the 27 different analytes in serum, OTA was detected in all samples, while 2’R-ochratoxin A (2’R-OTA) was found in 8.3% and enniatin B (EnB) in 99.2% of the samples. Exposure assessment calculations were performed on OTA from the serum concentration and on DON equivalents (DON eqv) from the urine concentration. All probable daily intake (PDI) estimates were below tolerable daily intakes, except for 1.6% of the participants for DON. The maximum PDI was 4.3 μg DON eqv/kg body weight and day. Consumption of cereal grain commodities was associated with levels of DON, EnB or OTA in biofluids. Serum OTA was also associated with intakes of raisins and coffee. Furthermore, coffee consumption correlated well with 2’R-OTA concentration in serum. In conclusion, exposure to mycotoxins in Swedish adolescents is common, but fortunately, high exposure was rare.

中文翻译：

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瑞典青少年血液和尿液中的霉菌毒素——可能与食物摄入和其他背景特征有关。


目前尚不清楚瑞典青少年接触霉菌毒素的情况。本研究的目的是调查全国饮食调查青少年的霉菌毒素暴露及其与食物摄入的关系以及背景特征。此次调查招募了约3000名在校学生（其中1000名来自第5、第8和第11学年）。参与者完成了关于食物倾向、社会人口学和健康的网络调查问卷，以及基于网络的饮食回忆。从 1105 名参与者身上采集了现场尿液和血液样本，用于霉菌毒素生物标志物分析。采用多生物标志物方法分析尿液 (HPLC-MS/MS) 和血清 (HPLC-MS/MS) 中的霉菌毒素。在尿液中的 35 种不同分析物中，阳性样品的频率如下：脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 (DON，4.8%)、DON-15-β-DO-葡萄糖醛酸苷 (DON-15GlcA，9.1%)、二氢柠檬酮 (DH-CIT) ，0.5%）、HT-2-葡萄糖醛酸苷（HT-2-3-GlcA，0.1%）和赭曲霉毒素 A（OTA，0.1%）。在血清中的 27 种不同分析物中，所有样品均检测到 OTA，其中 8.3% 的样品中检测到 2'R-赭曲霉毒素 A (2'R-OTA)，99.2% 的样品中检测到恩尼亚汀 B (EnB)。根据血清浓度对 OTA 进行暴露评估计算，并根据尿液浓度对 DON 当量 (DON eqv) 进行暴露评估计算。除 1.6% 的呕吐物参与者外，所有可能的每日摄入量 (PDI) 估计值均低于每日可耐受摄入量。最大 PDI 为 4.3 μg DON eqv/kg 体重/天。谷物商品的消费与生物液中 DON、EnB 或 OTA 的水平相关。血清 OTA 还与葡萄干和咖啡的摄入量有关。此外，咖啡摄入量与血清中 2'R-OTA 浓度密切相关。 总之，瑞典青少年接触霉菌毒素的情况很常见，但幸运的是，高接触霉菌毒素的情况很少见。