Residue management is the emerging challenge for sustainable growth of Indian agriculture and environmental protection mainly in Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). Out of 620 MT crop residues produced annually in the country, 234 MT is surplus and 30% of it is contributed by rice and wheat. Approximately 16% of total crop residue being burnt, 62% is contributed by rice and wheat. At present, we do not have any viable and systematic approach to deal with crop residues or adoption rate is poor. Therefore, the farmers in majority burn rice residues in the field, which leads to huge nutrient loss besides deteriorating environment and human health. Major forces enforcing residue burning are combinde harvesting, lack of traditional use of crop residues, intensive cropping system and non-availability of buyers for rice straw. Farmers need to get clear fields within short time frame at any cost to ensure the timely sowing of next crop (wheat) without any hindrance in farm operation offered by loose straw. It takes time to manage loose straw by mechanical operation to ensure smooth sowing of next crop in standing stubble which compile farmers to go for straw burning. Field burning of crop residue (FBCR) was not given much attention by policy makers in last two decades because it was at a small scale, but nowadays, it is counted as the serious agricultural pollutant, which is directly impacting environment and human health and causes global warming as burning produces greenhouse gases. In the harvesting season Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and Delhi face heavy smog problem because of this unhealthy practice and soil fertility is also deprived. In the IGP, rice–wheat is a major cropping system and both crops produce a lot of surplus residues which is ultimately disposed of by burning in the field particularly the rice residues. Nowadays, government and courts have zero tolerance against FBCR. Strict laws including heavy penalties and imprisonment against offenders are already in place. In the absence of suitable and economical viable alternative, farmers are still compelled to follow this practice as it is otherwise a big headache for farmers. We need to manage on-farm and post-harvest management of crop residues either by modification in machineries, educating farmers, adjustment in the cropping system and utilizing rice straw in industry and power generation. In this review, efforts have been made to cover major aspects related to rice residue management in rice–wheat cropping system (RWCS) of India.

中文翻译：

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印度西北部稻麦种植系统作物残留管理促进资源节约和环境保护

残留物管理是印度主要在恒河平原 (IGP) 的印度农业和环境保护可持续增长的新挑战。在该国每年生产的 620 吨作物残留物中，有 234 吨是过剩的，其中 30% 是水稻和小麦。大约 16% 的农作物残留物被燃烧，其中 62% 来自水稻和小麦。目前，我们没有任何可行和系统的方法来处理作物残留物或采用率很低。因此，大多数农民在田间焚烧稻谷残渣，不仅造成环境和人类健康恶化，还造成巨大的养分流失。强制秸秆焚烧的主要力量是联合收割、缺乏传统的农作物秸秆利用、集约化种植制度和稻草买家的缺乏。农民需要不惜任何代价在短时间内清理田地，以确保及时播种下一季作物（小麦），而不会因松散的秸秆而阻碍农场经营。通过机械操作管理松散的秸秆需要时间，以确保下一茬作物在立茬中顺利播种，从而促使农民进行秸秆焚烧。农作物秸秆的田间焚烧（FBCR）由于规模较小，过去二十年来并未受到政策制定者的重视，但如今已被列为严重的农业污染物，直接影响环境和人类健康，导致燃烧产生温室气体导致全球变暖。在收获季节旁遮普邦、哈里亚纳邦、西部北方邦和德里由于这种不健康的做法而面临严重的烟雾问题，土壤肥力也被剥夺。在 IGP 中，稻麦是一种主要的种植系统，两种作物都会产生大量剩余的残留物，最终通过在田间焚烧，特别是稻米残留物进行处理。如今，政府和法院对 FBCR 持零容忍态度。包括对违法者处以重罚和监禁在内的严格法律已经到位。在没有合适且经济可行的替代方案的情况下，农民仍然被迫遵循这种做法，否则对农民来说是一个很大的麻烦。我们需要通过机器改造、农民教育、种植制度调整以及稻草在工业和发电中的利用来管理作物残留物的农场和收获后管理。在这次审查中，