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Predator foraging mode controls the effect of antipredator behavior in a tritrophic model
Theoretical Ecology ( IF 1.6 ) Pub Date : 2019-04-06 , DOI: 10.1007/s12080-019-0426-3
Jason S. Sadowski , Edwin D. Grosholz

Antipredator behavior is known to have a strong effect on prey population dynamics. While there have been many studies of antipredator behavior in population dynamic models, none have examined how antipredator behavior interacts with predator foraging mode. To examine this process, we incorporated predator and prey velocities into a simple tritrophic food chain. In this model, antipredator behavior allows prey to respond to predators by slowing their velocity in response to predator density. Prey can slow their velocity to hide from predators, but this in turn reduces their ability to consume resources, creating a trade-off between hiding and foraging. We examined the effects of both fast-moving “mobile” predators and slow-moving “sit-and-wait” predators on equilibrium prey density and amplitude of predator-prey cycles. We found that antipredator behavior was ineffective against mobile predators, but it was very effective against sit-and-wait predators. Antipredator responses to sit-and-wait predators reduced top-down control and allowed prey density to increase with increased carrying capacity. Furthermore, antipredator responses to sit-and-wait predators eliminated population cycles within the community, whereas antipredator behavior had no effect on population cycles within mobile predator communities. Therefore, our model demonstrates predator foraging mode must be taken into account when examining predator-prey cycles. We discuss the potential implications of this model for invasive species and for trophic cascades.

中文翻译:

捕食者觅食模式控制着三养模型中反捕食者行为的影响

已知反捕食者的行为对猎物种群动态有很大影响。尽管在种群动态模型中有许多关于反捕食者行为的研究,但没有人研究过反捕食者行为与捕食者觅食模式如何相互作用。为了检查这一过程,我们将捕食者和猎物的速度纳入了简单的三营养食物链。在此模型中,反捕食者的行为允许猎物通过响应捕食者密度而减慢其速度,从而对捕食者做出反应。猎物可以减慢它们向掠食者隐藏的速度,但这反过来又降低了它们消耗资源的能力,从而在隐藏和觅食之间进行权衡。我们研究了快速移动的“移动”捕食者和慢速移动的“静坐等待”捕食者对平衡猎物密度和捕食者-猎物周期振幅的影响。我们发现,反捕食者的行为对流动的捕食者无效,但对静坐的捕食者却非常有效。反捕食者对坐等捕食者的反应减少了自上而下的控制,并使猎物密度随着承载能力的增加而增加。此外,反捕食者对静坐等待的捕食者的反应消除了社区内的种群周期,而反捕食者的行为对流动捕食者社区内的种群周期没有影响。因此,我们的模型表明,在检查捕食者-猎物周期时必须考虑捕食者的觅食模式。我们讨论了该模型对入侵物种和营养级联的潜在影响。反捕食者对坐等捕食者的反应减少了自上而下的控制,并使猎物密度随着承载能力的增加而增加。此外,反捕食者对静坐等待的捕食者的反应消除了社区内的种群周期,而反捕食者的行为对流动捕食者社区内的种群周期没有影响。因此,我们的模型表明,在检查捕食者-猎物周期时必须考虑捕食者的觅食模式。我们讨论了该模型对入侵物种和营养级联的潜在影响。反捕食者对坐等捕食者的反应减少了自上而下的控制,并使猎物密度随着承载能力的增加而增加。此外,反捕食者对静坐等待的捕食者的反应消除了社区内的种群周期,而反捕食者的行为对流动捕食者社区内的种群周期没有影响。因此,我们的模型表明,在检查捕食者-猎物周期时必须考虑捕食者的觅食模式。我们讨论了该模型对入侵物种和营养级联的潜在影响。反捕食者的行为对流动捕食者社区内的种群周期没有影响。因此,我们的模型表明,在检查捕食者-猎物周期时必须考虑捕食者的觅食模式。我们讨论了该模型对入侵物种和营养级联的潜在影响。反捕食者的行为对流动捕食者社区内的种群周期没有影响。因此,我们的模型表明,在检查捕食者-猎物周期时必须考虑捕食者的觅食模式。我们讨论了该模型对入侵物种和营养级联的潜在影响。
更新日期:2019-04-06
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