BackgroundA healthy wetland provides a range of goods and services contributing to human wellbeing. Inle Lake, the first Biosphere Reserve in Myanmar, has been supporting the local inhabitants with ecosystem services (ES) including habitat for a wide range of biodiversity. In the recent years, influenced by land use land cover change (LULCC), the lake has witnessed changes with altered flow of ES, affecting human well-being. Communities’ perceptions are often undermined, when it comes to research LULCC. We analyzed LULCC change data from 1989–2000 to 2000–2014 using Landsat imageries. This was then linked to ES considering dependency through qualitative data collated from participatory rural appraisal tools and structured questionnaires focusing on people’s perception to understand the LULCC dynamics and its implication.ResultsDuring 25 years (1989–2014), there has been a sharp reduction of 164 km2 perennial wetland area in the Inle Lake, which is 4.2-fold higher in 2014 to that of 1989. Similarly, forest area has been declined by 92 km2 (8.56%) in last 25 years. Contrary to this, cropland area showed an increment of 60.67% in 2000 and 64.53% in the year 2014 alone giving a total increase by 268 km2 over the last 25 years and an expansion of 40 km2 seasonal freshwater area were observed showing periodic increment over the time. Communities from the three study areas, namely, Kyaung Taung, Zay Gon and Kyar Taw are found to have high dependence in their surrounding ecosystems. These villages utilizes 17 ES from forest ecosystem, 13 from agro-ecosystem, 10 from seasonal and 4 from perennial water body for their livelihood respectively. Around 93% of the respondents opined that forest ecosystem has decreased over the last 10 years. Around 40% of the respondents reflected an increase in area used for cropland; 43% conversely perceived a declination. About 63% of the respondents perceived such changes have brought huge reduction in availability of freshwater ES. A significant number of respondents (92%) perceived an enormous reduction in seasonal water body during the dry season.ConclusionObserved decreasing trends in forest and perennial wetland areas were consistent with people’s perceived changes. Communities associate loss of forest and wetland area with reduced availability of ES as well as degraded health of the lake.

中文翻译：

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土地利用土地覆盖变化对生态系统服务的影响：缅甸茵莱湖观测数据与人们感知的比较分析

背景健康的湿地提供一系列有助于人类福祉的商品和服务。茵莱湖是缅甸第一个生物圈保护区，一直为当地居民提供生态系统服务 (ES)，包括各种生物多样性的栖息地。近年来，受土地利用土地覆盖变化（LULCC）的影响，湖泊发生了变化，ES流量发生变化，影响人类福祉。在研究 LULCC 时，社区的看法经常受到破坏。我们使用 Landsat 图像分析了 1989-2000 年到 2000-2014 年的 LULCC 变化数据。然后通过从参与式农村评估工具和结构化问卷收集的定性数据与 ES 考虑依赖关系，重点关注人们的看法，以了解 LULCC 动态及其影响。结果 25 年间（1989-2014 年），茵莱湖常年湿地面积锐减 164 平方公里，是 2014 年的 4.2 倍，是 1989 年的 4.2 倍。同样，森林面积减少了 92 平方公里（ 8.56%）在过去 25 年中。与此相反，耕地面积在 2000 年增加了 60.67%，仅在 2014 年就增加了 64.53%，在过去 25 年中总共增加了 268 平方公里，观察到季节性淡水面积扩大了 40 平方公里，在时间。来自三个研究区的社区，即 Kyaung Taung、Zay Gon 和 Kyar Taw 被发现对其周围的生态系统有很高的依赖性。这些村庄分别利用森林生态系统的 17 个、农业生态系统的 13 个、季节性的 10 个和多年生水体的 4 个来谋生。大约 93% 的受访者认为森林生态系统在过去 10 年中有所减少。约 40% 的受访者反映耕地面积有所增加；相反，43% 的人认为下降。大约 63% 的受访者认为这种变化导致淡水 ES 的可用性大幅减少。相当多的受访者 (92%) 认为旱季季节性水体大幅减少。结论 观察到的森林和多年生湿地面积的减少趋势与人们的感知变化一致。社区将森林和湿地面积的减少与 ES 可用性的减少以及湖泊的健康状况恶化联系起来。相反，43% 的人认为下降。大约 63% 的受访者认为这种变化导致淡水 ES 的可用性大幅减少。相当多的受访者 (92%) 认为旱季季节性水体大幅减少。结论 观察到的森林和多年生湿地面积的减少趋势与人们的感知变化一致。社区将森林和湿地面积的减少与 ES 可用性的减少以及湖泊的健康状况恶化联系起来。相反，43% 的人认为下降。大约 63% 的受访者认为这种变化导致淡水 ES 的可用性大幅减少。相当多的受访者 (92%) 认为旱季季节性水体大幅减少。结论 观察到的森林和多年生湿地面积的减少趋势与人们的感知变化一致。社区将森林和湿地面积的减少与 ES 可用性的减少以及湖泊的健康状况恶化联系起来。结论观察到的森林和多年生湿地面积减少趋势与人们感知的变化一致。社区将森林和湿地面积的减少与 ES 可用性的减少以及湖泊的健康状况恶化联系起来。结论观察到的森林和多年生湿地面积减少趋势与人们感知的变化一致。社区将森林和湿地面积的减少与 ES 可用性的减少以及湖泊的健康状况恶化联系起来。