Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is currently one of the most prevalent diseases, with as many as 415 million patients worldwide. T2DM is characterized by elevated blood glucose levels and is often accompanied by several comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease. Treatment of T2DM is focused on reducing glucose levels by either lifestyle changes or medical treatment. One treatment option for T2DM is based on the gut-derived hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). GLP-1 reduces blood glucose levels by stimulating insulin secretion, however, it is rapidly degraded, and thereby losing its glycaemic effect. GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are immune to degradation, prolonging the glycaemic effect. Lately, GLP-1RAs have spiked the interest of researchers and clinicians due to their beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease. Preclinical and clinical data have demonstrated that GLP-1 receptors are abundantly present in the heart and that stimulation of these receptors by GLP-1 has several effects. In this review, we will discuss the effects of GLP-1RA on heart rate, blood pressure, microvascular function, lipids, and inflammation, as measured in human mechanistic studies, and suggest how these effects may translate into the improved cardiovascular outcomes as demonstrated in several trials.

中文翻译：

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胰高血糖素样肽1受体激动剂的心血管作用：从人体的机理研究到临床结果

2型糖尿病（T2DM）当前是最流行的疾病之一，全球有多达4.15亿患者。T2DM的特征在于血糖水平升高，并经常伴有多种合并症，例如心血管疾病。T2DM的治疗重点在于通过改变生活方式或药物治疗来降低葡萄糖水平。T2DM的一种治疗选择是基于肠源性激素胰高血糖素样肽1（GLP-1）。GLP-1通过刺激胰岛素分泌来降低血糖水平，但是它会迅速降解，从而失去其血糖作用。GLP-1受体激动剂（GLP-1RAs）对降解免疫，延长了血糖作用。最近，由于GLP-1RA对心血管疾病的有益作用，引起了研究人员和临床医生的兴趣。临床前和临床数据表明，心脏中大量存在GLP-1受体，而GLP-1刺激这些受体具有多种作用。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论在人体力学研究中测得的GLP-1RA对心率，血压，微血管功能，脂质和炎症的影响，并提出这些影响如何转化为改善的心血管结局，如几次试验。