Three-dimensional printing is widely celebrated as enabling open design and manufacturing practice. With easy-to-use techniques such as automated modeling, fabrication machines ostensibly help designers turn ideas into fully fledged objects. Prior HCI literature focuses on improving printing through optimization and by developing printer and material capabilities. This paper expands such considerations by asking, how do 3D printing practitioners understand and create “printability?” And how might HCI better support the work that holds together printing workflows and changing ecosystems of materials and techniques? We conducted studies in two sites of open design: a technology firm in Silicon Valley, California and a makerspace in Stockholm, Sweden. Deploying workshops and interviews, we examine how practitioners negotiate the print experience, revealing a contingent process held together by trial and error exploration and careful interventions. These insights point to the value of tools and processes to support articulation work, what Strauss and colleagues have called the acts of fitting together people, tasks, and their ordering to accomplish an overarching project. We show that despite the sought-after efficiencies of such manufacturing, 3D printing entails articulation work, particularly acts of alignment, exposing messy modes of production carried out by a varied cast of practitioners, machines, and materials.

众所周知，三维打印可实现开放式设计和制造实践。借助自动化建模等易于使用的技术，制造机表面上可以帮助设计师将创意转变为成熟的对象。先前的HCI文献着重于通过优化以及开发打印机和材料功能来改善打印。本文通过询问3D打印从业者如何理解和创造“可打印性”来扩展此类考虑。HCI如何更好地支持将打印工作流程与不断变化的材料和技术生态系统结合在一起的工作？我们在两个开放式设计场所进行了研究：位于加利福尼亚州硅谷的一家技术公司和位于瑞典斯德哥尔摩的makerspace。通过举办研讨会和访谈，我们研究了从业者如何协商印刷经验，揭示了通过反复试验和仔细干预而结合在一起的偶然过程。这些见解指出了支持发音工作的工具和流程的价值，施特劳斯和他的同事称之为将人员，任务和他们的命令放在一起以完成总体项目的行为。我们表明，尽管这种制造具有令人追捧的效率，但3D打印仍需要进行铰接工作，尤其是对齐动作，从而暴露了由各种从业人员，机器和材料所造成的混乱的生产方式。以及他们完成总体项目的命令。我们表明，尽管这种制造具有令人追捧的效率，但3D打印仍需要进行铰接工作，尤其是对齐动作，从而暴露了由各种从业人员，机器和材料所造成的混乱的生产方式。以及他们完成总体项目的命令。我们表明，尽管这种制造具有令人追捧的效率，但3D打印仍需要进行铰接工作，尤其是对齐动作，从而暴露了由各种从业人员，机器和材料所造成的混乱的生产方式。