The surfactant industry moves billions of dollars a year and consists of chemically synthesized molecules usually derived from petroleum. Surfactant is a versatile molecule that is widely used in different industrial areas, with an emphasis on the petroleum, biomedical and detergent industries. Recently, interest in environmentally friendly surfactants that are resistant to extreme conditions has increased because of consumers' appeal for sustainable products and industrial processes that often require these characteristics. With this context, the need arises to search for surfactants produced by microorganisms coming from extreme environments and to mine their unique biotechnological potential. The production of biosurfactants is still incipient and presents challenges regarding economic viability due to the high costs of cultivation, production, recovery and purification. Advances can be made by exploring the extreme biosphere and bioinformatics tools. This review focuses on biosurfactants produced by microorganisms from different extreme environments, presenting a complete overview of what information is available in the literature, including the advances, challenges and future perspectives, as well as showing the possible applications of extreme biosurfactants.

中文翻译：

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极端环境：用于生物技术应用的生物表面活性剂的来源

表面活性剂产业每年移动数十亿美元，并且由通常衍生自石油的化学合成分子组成。表面活性剂是一种用途广泛的分子，广泛用于不同的工业领域，重点是石油，生物医学和清洁剂行业。近来，由于消费者对经常需要这些特性的可持续产品和工业过程的吸引力，对耐极端条件的环保表面活性剂的兴趣增加了。在这种情况下，需要寻找由来自极端环境的微生物产生的表面活性剂并挖掘其独特的生物技术潜力。生物表面活性剂的生产仍处于起步阶段，由于种植成本高昂，因此在经济可行性方面面临挑战，生产，回收和纯化。通过探索极限生物圈和生物信息学工具可以取得进步。这篇综述着重于由来自不同极端环境的微生物产生的生物表面活性剂，全面介绍了文献中可获得的信息，包括进展，挑战和未来观点，以及极端生物表面活性剂的可能应用。