Compared to conventional hydrogen bonds like (O–H···N, N–H···O, O–H···O, N–H···N), hydrogen bonds involving heavier chalcogens like sulfur, selenium, and tellurium have been considered weaker owing to less electronegativity of these elements. However, various instances exist to prove that these hydrogen bonds (H bonds) are of similar strength of conventional hydrogen bonds, although the nature of hydrogen bonding could be different depending on a combination of electronegativity, polarizability, and dispersion effects. We have presented a plethora of such H bonds that have been investigated over past several decades through high-resolution laser spectroscopy, microwave spectroscopy, and quantum chemical calculations. These H bonds not only play important roles in biological systems, but are increasingly being tuned in nature and strength to construct artificial models that can aid our mechanistic understanding of non-covalent interactions and also help in modulation of activity, detection, and combat of diseases. We have discussed how these interactions could be exploited for applications in crystal engineering, superconductivity, gas capture, and field-effect transistor studies.

中文翻译：

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硫属元素的氢键：超越周期表的第二行

与传统的氢键（O-H···N、N-H···O、O-H···O、N-H···N）相比，氢键包含较重的硫属元素，如硫、硒、由于这些元素的电负性较低，碲被认为较弱。然而，存在各种实例来证明这些氢键（H 键）具有与常规氢键相似的强度，尽管氢键的性质可能因电负性、极化率和色散效应的组合而不同。在过去的几十年中，我们已经通过高分辨率激光光谱、微波光谱和量子化学计算研究了大量这样的 H 键。这些氢键不仅在生物系统中发挥重要作用，但越来越多地在性质和强度上进行调整，以构建人工模型，这些模型可以帮助我们对非共价相互作用的机械理解，也有助于调节活动、检测和对抗疾病。我们已经讨论了如何将这些相互作用用于晶体工程、超导、气体捕获和场效应晶体管研究中的应用。