Although highly accurate molecular processes and various messenger RNA (mRNA) quality control and ribosome proofreading mechanisms are used by organisms to transcribe their genes and maintain the fidelity of genetic information, errors are inherent in all biological systems. Low‐level translation errors caused by an imbalance of homologous and nonhomologous amino acids caused by stress conditions are particularly common. Paradoxically, advantageous phenotypic diversity can be generated by such errors in eukaryotes through unknown molecular processes. Here, we found that the significant cadmium‐resistant phenotype was correlated with an increased mistranslation rate of the mRNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This phenotypic change was also related to endogenous sulfur amino acid starvation. Compared with the control, the mistranslation rate caused by cadmium was significantly increased (p < .01). With the increase of cysteine contents in medium, the mistranslation rate of WT(BY4742a) decreased significantly (p < .01). This demonstrates that cadmium treatment and sulfur amino acid starvation both can induce translation errors. Although cadmium uptake is independent of the Sul1 transporter, cadmium‐induced mRNA mistranslation is dependent on the sulfate uptake of the Sul1p transporter. Furthermore, cadmium‐induced translation errors depend on methionine biosynthesis. Taken together, cadmium causes endogenous sulfur starvation, leading to an increase in the mRNA mistranslation, which contributes to the resistance of yeast cells to cadmium. We provide a new pathway mediating the toxicity of cadmium, and we propose that altering mRNA mistranslation may portray a different form of environmental adaptation.

中文翻译：

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镉对酿酒酵母 mRNA 错误翻译的影响

尽管生物体使用高度准确的分子过程和各种信使 RNA (mRNA) 质量控制和核糖体校对机制来转录其基​​因并保持遗传信息的保真度，但错误是所有生物系统固有的。由压力条件引起的同源和非同源氨基酸不平衡引起的低水平翻译错误尤为常见。矛盾的是，通过未知的分子过程，真核生物中的此类错误可以产生有利的表型多样性。在这里，我们发现显着的抗镉表型与酿酒酵母中 mRNA 错误翻译率的增加有关。这种表型变化也与内源性硫氨基酸饥饿有关。与对照相比，镉引起的误译率显着增加（p < .01）。随着培养基中半胱氨酸含量的增加，WT(BY4742a)的误译率显着降低(p < .01)。这表明镉处理和硫氨基酸饥饿都会导致翻译错误。尽管镉的吸收不依赖于 Sul1 转运蛋白，但镉诱导的 mRNA 错误翻译依赖于 Sul1p 转运蛋白的硫酸盐吸收。此外，镉诱导的翻译错误取决于蛋氨酸的生物合成。总之，镉会导致内源性硫饥饿，导致 mRNA 错误翻译增加，这有助于酵母细胞对镉的抵抗力。我们提供了一种介导镉毒性的新途径，