Abstract. In Australia, climate change and continental drift have given rise to a complex biota comprising mesic specialists, arid-adapted lineages, and taxa that have arrived on the continent from Asia. We explore the phylogenetic diversity and biogeographic history of the Australian trapdoor spider genus Conothele Thorell, 1878 that is widespread in Australia’s monsoonal tropics and arid zone. We sequenced three mtDNA and five nuDNA markers from 224 specimens. We reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships among specimens and estimated the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) using species delimitation methods. The timing of divergences was estimated and ancestral area reconstructions were conducted. We recovered 61 OTUs, grouped into four major clades; a single clade represented by an arboreal ecomorph, and three fossorial clades. The Australian Conothele had a crown age of ∼19 million years, and ancestral area reconstructions showed a complex history with multiple transitions among the monsoonal tropics, central arid zone, south-west and Pilbara bioregion. Conothele arrived on the continent during periods of biotic exchange with Asia. Since then, Conothele has colonised much of the Australian arid and monsoonal zones, during a period of climatic instability. The Pilbara bioregion harbours high lineage diversity, emphasising the role of climate refugia.

中文翻译：

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澳大利亚活门蜘蛛属 Conothele (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Halonoproctidae) 的系统发育关系和生物地理历史：在其他热带辐射中多样化到干旱栖息地

摘要。在澳大利亚，气候变化和大陆漂移产生了一个复杂的生物群，其中包括从亚洲抵达该大陆的海洋专家、适应干旱的谱系和分类群。我们探索了澳大利亚活板门蜘蛛属 Conothele Thorell，1878 年的系统发育多样性和生物地理历史，它广泛分布于澳大利亚的季风热带和干旱地区。我们对来自 224 个标本的三个 mtDNA 和五个 nuDNA 标记进行了测序。我们重建了标本之间的系统发育关系，并使用物种定界方法估计了操作分类单元 (OTU) 的数量。估计分歧的时间并进行祖先区域重建。我们恢复了 61 个 OTU，分为四个主要分支；由树栖生态形态代表的单个进化枝和三个化石进化枝。澳大利亚 Conothele 的冠龄约为 1900 万年，祖先区域重建显示出复杂的历史，季风热带、中部干旱区、西南和皮尔巴拉生物区之间的多次过渡。Conothele 是在与亚洲进行生物交换的时期抵达该大陆的。从那时起，在气候不稳定的时期，Conothele 已在澳大利亚的大部分干旱和季风区定居。皮尔巴拉生物区拥有高度的谱系多样性，强调了气候避难所的作用。在气候不稳定的时期，Conothele 已在澳大利亚的大部分干旱和季风区定居。皮尔巴拉生物区拥有高度的谱系多样性，强调了气候避难所的作用。在气候不稳定的时期，Conothele 已在澳大利亚的大部分干旱和季风区定居。皮尔巴拉生物区拥有高度的谱系多样性，强调了气候避难所的作用。