The genus Andryala includes diploid plants distributed in the Mediterranean Basin, Macaronesia and in one isolated outpost in the Romanian Carpathians. We analysed nuclear genome size in a phylogenetic framework and assessed relationships between genome size and life form (perennials vs annuals/biennials) and the consequences of insular vs continental distribution. Absolute nuclear genome size of 18 species or subspecies was determined using propidium iodide flow cytometry. The evolution of genome size was investigated using the Brownian motion model with the tree scaling parameters λ, κ and δ. The mean 2C values differs up to 1.84-fold between species (from 2.69 to 5.01 pg). Chromosome numbers of six species are reported for the first time. The highest 2C values are present in two well supported basal lineages corresponding to the relict species A. laevitomentosa and A. agardhii. The rest of Andryala species that form a well-supported clade of closely related species (the ‘Major Radiation Group’), except for two populations of A. ragusina, have significantly smaller genome sizes. In the ‘Major Radiation Group’, genome size in perennial species is significantly greater compared to annual and biennial species. With a possible bias caused by A. dentata and A. integrifolia, insular species of the ‘Major Radiation Group’ have lower nuclear genomes than continental ones. The genome size variation contains strong phylogenetic signal, which could indicate that genome size in the group under study is not greatly influenced by selection and is probably a result of neutral evolution or genetic drift.

中文翻译：

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Andryala属（Hieraciinae，Asteraceae）的基因组大小变异

Andryala属包括分布在地中海盆地、马卡罗尼西亚和罗马尼亚喀尔巴阡山脉的一个孤立前哨的二倍体植物。我们在系统发育框架中分析了核基因组大小，并评估了基因组大小和生命形式（多年生植物与一年生植物/双年生植物）之间的关系以及岛屿与大陆分布的后果。使用碘化丙啶流式细胞术测定了 18 个物种或亚种的绝对核基因组大小。使用具有树缩放参数 λ、κ 和 δ 的布朗运动模型研究基因组大小的演变。物种之间的平均 2C 值差异高达 1.84 倍（从 2.69 到 5.01 pg）。首次报道了六个物种的染色体数目。最高的 2C 值存在于与遗存物种 A. laevitomentosa 和 A. agardhii 相对应的两个得到良好支持的基础谱系中。除了 A. ragusina 的两个种群外，其余的 Andryala 物种形成了一个有良好支持的密切相关物种进化枝（“主要辐射组”），其基因组大小要小得多。在“主要辐射组”中，多年生物种的基因组大小明显大于一年生和二年生物种。由于 A. dentata 和 A. integrifolia 可能存在偏差，“主要辐射组”的岛屿物种的核基因组低于大陆物种。基因组大小变异包含强烈的系统发育信号，