Abstract—The evidence for the possible impact of gene introgression on species evolution, the evolutionary fate of taxa, including reticulations in phylogenetic trees, and the consistency of the latest molecular genetic data with the main modern paradigm, Neo-Darwinism, have been considered in many studies. This study includes a comparative analysis and assessments of validity of the use of molecular markers for species identification, including an approach proposed by one of the authors for the description of biological diversity in the framework of the global DNA barcoding program. The identification of hybrids and the prevalence of genetic introgression are discussed. There are four main issues in the overview presented. (1) A combination of nDNA and mtDNA markers best suits for the hybrid identification and estimates of genetic introgression or gene flow. (2) The available facts for both nDNA and mtDNA diversity make introgression among many animal and plant taxa obvious, although, even for the wide hybrid zones of Mytilus ex. group edulis, for example, introgression may be quite restricted or asymmetric for a significant part of the area, thus holding at least the “source” taxon (taxa) intact. (3) If we accept that sexually reproducing species in marine and terrestrial areas are introgressed, as is evident for many cases, then we should recognize that the orthodox BSC, which postulates a complete lack of gene flow among species, is inadequate due to the fact that many zoological or taxonomic species have currently not yet reached the stage of biological species. However, they will eventually become definitive biological species in future. This conclusion is supported by the genetic distance, which increases with taxa rank, and by the lowest diversity at the intraspecies level as for single mtDNA genes, for complete mitogenomes, and for nDNA genes. (4) A recent study of fish-taxon divergence by means of the vast BOLD (www.boldsystem.org) database showed that the gene trees for taxa up to the family level are basically monophyletic, and interspecies reticulations are rare for most gene trees. The available data allow us to conclude that molecular evolution and, in particular, genetic divergence in the taxon hierarchy are generally in good agreement with BSC and Neo-Darwinism, forming the theoretical basis for the success of DNA barcoding in the animal world, as well as its applicability for other organisms.

中文翻译：

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基于遗传分子标记的遗传渗入，基因树网状结构，分类群差异和DNA条形码的可持续性评估

摘要—许多人都考虑到基因渗入可能对物种进化，分类单元的进化命运（包括系统发育树中的网状结构）以及最新的分子遗传数据与主要的现代范式新达尔文主义保持一致的证据。学习。这项研究包括对分子标记用于物种鉴定的有效性进行比较分析和评估，包括一位作者提出的在全球DNA条形码计划框架内描述生物多样性的方法。杂种的鉴定和基因渗入的流行进行了讨论。概述中有四个主要问题。（1）nDNA和mtDNA标记的组合最适合杂交鉴定和估计基因渗入或基因流。（2）nDNA和mtDNA多样性的现有事实使得许多动植物分类群的渗入都显而易见，尽管即使对于宽阔的杂种优势区也是如此。Mytilus ex。食用组例如，在该地区的大部分地区，渗入可能受到相当严格的限制或不对称，因此至少保持“源”分类单元（分类单元）完整。（3）如果我们接受海洋和陆地区域的有性繁殖物种的渗入，这在许多情况下是显而易见的，那么我们应该认识到，假定物种之间完全缺乏基因流动的正统BSC是不充分的。许多动物或生物物种目前尚未达到生物物种阶段的事实。但是，它们最终将在将来成为确定的生物物种。这一结论得到了遗传距离的支持，遗传距离随分类单元等级的增加而增加，并且在物种内水平上，对于单个mtDNA基因，完整的有丝分裂基因组和nDNA基因而言，多样性最低。（4）最近通过庞大的BOLD（www.boldsystem.org）数据库进行的鱼类分类差异研究表明，直至家庭水平的分类单元的基因树基本上都是单种的，大多数基因树之间的种间网状结构很少见。 。现有的数据使我们可以得出结论，即分子进化，尤其是分类群层次上的遗传差异，通常与BSC和新达尔文主义非常吻合，也为动物体内DNA条形码成功的形成提供了理论基础。作为其对其他生物的适用性。