Organic farming is widely perceived as being more environmentally friendly than conventional farming. As a form of sustainable agriculture, it receives substantial support from policy for its contribution to environmental protection as well as the provision of amenities such as biodiversity and cultural landscapes. Consumers are attracted to organic foods as they are produced without synthetic chemicals and comply with higher animal welfare standards. Although organic farming certainly has the potential to fulfil these expectations, studies have shown that some certified organic farms do not. Their practices comply with the regulations, but not with the principles of organic farming. This trend has been called ‘conventionalisation’ of organic farming. In this paper we review the studies that discuss the conventionalisation of organic farming, focusing on the farm level and on evidence from Europe. We argue that to strengthen organic farming’s transformative potential, the debate must move beyond its focus on the bifurcation between artisanal and conventionalised organic farms, so as to capture the full range of empirical heterogeneity. Our core argument is that to adequately understand the dynamics within organic farming and their potential impact on the ability of organic farming to fulfil the expectations of consumers and policy-makers, it is not sufficient to focus on structural changes. Instead, we need to assess whether or not the observed changes comply with the principles and values that are the fundament of organic farming.

中文翻译：

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有机耕作规范化：从结构标准到基于有机原理的评估。回顾

人们普遍认为有机耕作比传统耕作更环保。作为可持续农业的一种形式，由于其对环境保护的贡献以及提供诸如生物多样性和文化景观之类的便利，它得到了政策的大力支持。消费者被有机食品所吸引，因为它们不含合成化学物质且符合更高的动物福利标准。尽管有机耕作肯定有可能满足这些期望，但研究表明，某些获得认证的有机耕作没有。他们的行为符合法规，但不符合有机农业的原则。这种趋势被称为有机农业的“传统化”。在本文中，我们回顾了讨论有机农业常规化的研究，关注农场级别和欧洲的证据。我们认为，为了增强有机农业的变革潜力，辩论必须超越其对手工和传统有机农场之间分叉的关注，以抓住各种经验异质性。我们的核心论点是，要充分了解有机农业的发展动态及其对有机农业满足消费者和决策者期望的能力的潜在影响，仅关注结构变化是不够的。相反，我们需要评估观察到的变化是否符合作为有机农业基础的原则和价值。辩论必须超越其对手工和传统有机农场之间分歧的关注，以获取所有经验异质性。我们的核心论点是，要充分了解有机农业的发展动态及其对有机农业满足消费者和决策者期望的能力的潜在影响，仅关注结构变化是不够的。相反，我们需要评估观察到的变化是否符合作为有机农业基础的原则和价值。辩论必须超越其对手工和传统有机农场之间分歧的关注，以获取所有经验异质性。我们的核心论点是，要充分了解有机农业的发展动态及其对有机农业满足消费者和决策者期望的能力的潜在影响，仅关注结构变化是不够的。相反，我们需要评估观察到的变化是否符合作为有机农业基础的原则和价值。我们的核心论点是，要充分了解有机农业的发展动态及其对有机农业满足消费者和决策者期望的能力的潜在影响，仅关注结构变化是不够的。相反，我们需要评估观察到的变化是否符合作为有机农业基础的原则和价值。我们的核心论点是，要充分了解有机农业的发展动态及其对有机农业满足消费者和决策者期望的能力的潜在影响，仅关注结构变化是不够的。相反，我们需要评估观察到的变化是否符合作为有机农业基础的原则和价值。