Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the frequently diagnosed infectious diseases which is caused mainly by Escherichia coli. E. coli confers resistance against the two major classes of antibiotics due to the production of extended spectrum β-lactamase enzymes (ESBL), biofilm, etc. Biofilm produced by uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) protects from host immune system and prevent entry of antimicrobial compounds. The main objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the correlation of biofilm production and antibiotic resistance as well as to characterize the pgaA and pgaC genes responsible for biofilm formation among uropathogenic ESBL producing E. coli. A total of 1977 mid-stream urine samples were examined and cultured for bacterial strain identification. ESBL was detected by combined disc method following CLSI whereas biofilm formation was analyzed by semi-quantitative method. Furthermore, the pgaA and pgaC genes responsible for biofilm formation in UPEC were detected by multiplex PCR. All the statistical analyses were done via IBM SPSS Statistics 21 where Pearson’s correlation test were used to determine correlation (−1 ≥ r ≤ 1). E. coli was the predominant causative agent, which accounted 159 (59.3%) of the Gram-negative bacteria, where 81 (50.9%) E. coli strains were found to be ESBL producers. In addition, 86 (54.1%) E. coli strains were found to be biofilm producers. Both the pgaA and pgaC genes were detected in 45 (93.7%) the UPEC isolates, which were both biofilm and ESBL producers. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between biofilm and ESBL production. The analyses presented weak positive correlation between biofilm and ESBL production in which biofilm producing UPEC harbors both pgaA and pgaC genes responsible for biofilm formation.

中文翻译：

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尼泊尔产生超广谱β-内酰胺酶的尿路致病性大肠杆菌及其生物膜与抗生素耐药性的相关性


尿路感染（UTI）是常见的感染性疾病之一，主要由大肠杆菌引起。由于产生超广谱 β-内酰胺酶 (ESBL)、生物膜等，大肠杆菌对两大类抗生素具有耐药性。尿路致病性大肠杆菌 (UPEC) 产生的生物膜可保护宿主免疫系统免受宿主免疫系统的侵害，并防止细菌进入抗菌化合物。这项横断面研究的主要目的是确定生物膜产生与抗生素耐药性之间的相关性，以及表征在尿路致病性 ESBL 产生的大肠杆菌中负责生物膜形成的 pgaA 和 pgaC 基因。总共对1977份中流尿液样本进行了检查和培养，以进行菌株鉴定。 ESBL 采用 CLSI 后的组合圆盘法检测，而生物膜形成则采用半定量方法分析。此外，通过多重 PCR 检测到负责 UPEC 中生物膜形成的 pgaA 和 pgaC 基因。所有统计分析均通过 IBM SPSS Statistics 21 完成，其中使用 Pearson 相关性检验来确定相关性 (−1 ≥ r ≤ 1)。大肠杆菌是主要致病菌，占革兰氏阴性菌 159 株（59.3%），其中 81 株（50.9%）大肠杆菌可产生 ESBL。此外，还发现 86 种（54.1%）大肠杆菌菌株是生物膜产生者。在 45 个 (93.7%) UPEC 分离株中检测到 pgaA 和 pgaC 基因，这些分离株都是生物膜和 ESBL 产生者。此外，生物膜和ESBL的产生之间存在正相关性。分析显示生物膜和 ESBL 产生之间呈弱正相关，其中产生生物膜的 UPEC 含有负责生物膜形成的 pgaA 和 pgaC 基因。