Dioecious plants often exhibit deviations from expected 1:1 sex ratios. Genus Salix is a notable example of the female-biased sex ratio. Quite surprisingly, there are very few studies retesting observed bias patterns from the different parts of the species range. We have determined whether isolated subalpine populations of Salix lapponum exhibit a biased secondary sex ratio, measured the size of the plants, and tested the spatial and ecological correlations of the bias at fine and broad scales. Males were generally taller than females, suggesting that a different allocation of resources may occur in both sexes. Despite this, we found consistent female bias with females on average twice as common as males in most populations studied. No correlations of sex ratio with elevation as a proxy of environmental harshness and proportion of non-flowering individuals were found. Additionally, no differences in spatial sex segregation and microhabitat preferences were found between males and females at a fine scale within the studied populations. Our results suggest that the biased sex ratio in S. lapponum is not environment-dependent and probably originates during early stages of ontogenetic development (seeds).

中文翻译：

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尽管在雌雄异体的垂柳（Salicaceae）高寒种群中性别之间没有空间和生态位隔离，但女性偏向性别比

雌雄异株的植物通常表现出与预期的1：1性别比的偏差。属柳是女性偏置性别比例的一个显着的例子。令人惊讶的是，很少有研究重新测试来自物种范围不同部分的偏见模式。我们已经确定是否存在孤立的柳树柳亚高山种群表现出有偏见的次生性别比，测量植物的大小，并在细微和宽泛的尺度上测试偏倚的空间和生态相关性。男性通常比女性高，这表明性别分配可能会有所不同。尽管如此，我们发现在大多数研究的人群中，女性的偏见与男性一致，平均是男性的两倍。没有发现性别比例与海拔升高之间的相关性，这可以代替环境恶劣和未开花个体的比例。此外，在研究人群中，男女之间在空间性别隔离和微生境偏好方面没有发现差异。我们的研究结果表明，S.lapponum中的性别比存在偏差 与环境无关，可能起源于个体发育的早期阶段（种子）。