Abstract

The retina is an extension of the central nervous system and has been considered to be a simplified, more tractable and accessible version of the brain for a variety of neuroscience investigations. The optic nerve displays changes in response to underlying neurodegenerative diseases, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease, as well as inner retinal neurodegenerative disease, e.g., glaucoma. Neurodegeneration has increasingly been linked to dysfunctional energy metabolism or conditions in which the energy supply does not meet the demand. Likewise, increasing lactate levels have been correlated with conditions consisting of unbalanced energy supply and demand, such as ischemia-associated diseases or excessive exercise. Lactate has thus been acknowledged as a metabolic waste product in organs with high energy metabolism. However, in the past decade, numerous beneficial roles of lactate have been revealed in the central nervous system. In this context, lactate has been identified as a valuable energy substrate, protecting against glutamate excitotoxicity and ischemia, as well as having signaling properties which regulate cellular functions. The present review aims to summarize and discuss protective roles of lactate in various model systems (in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo) reflecting the inner retina focusing on lactate metabolism and signaling in inner retinal homeostasis and disease.

中文翻译：

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乳酸盐：不仅仅是视网膜内的代谢废物。

摘要

视网膜是中枢神经系统的延伸，已被认为是各种神经科学研究的简化，更易处理且易于使用的大脑版本。视神经显示出对潜在的神经退行性疾病（例如中风，多发性硬化症和阿尔茨海默氏病）以及视网膜内神经退行性疾病（例如青光眼）的反应变化。神经变性已越来越多地与功能障碍的能量代谢或能量供应不能满足需求的状况联系在一起。同样，乳酸水平的升高与能量供需不平衡有关，例如缺血相关疾病或过度运动。因此，乳酸被认为是高能量代谢器官中的代谢废物。然而，在过去的十年中，乳酸在中枢神经系统中发挥了许多有益的作用。在这种情况下，乳酸已被鉴定为有价值的能量底物，可防止谷氨酸兴奋性毒性和局部缺血，并具有调节细胞功能的信号传导特性。本综述旨在总结和讨论乳酸在各种模型系统（体外，离体和体内）中的保护作用，反映了内部视网膜侧重于乳酸的代谢以及内部视网膜稳态和疾病中的信号传导。以及具有调节细胞功能的信号传导特性。本综述旨在总结和讨论乳酸在各种模型系统（体外，离体和体内）中的保护作用，反映了内部视网膜侧重于乳酸的代谢以及内部视网膜稳态和疾病中的信号传导。以及具有调节细胞功能的信号传导特性。本综述旨在总结和讨论乳酸在各种模型系统（体外，离体和体内）中的保护作用，反映了内部视网膜侧重于乳酸的代谢以及内部视网膜稳态和疾病中的信号传导。