The shipwreck of Bajo de la Campana (VII–VI century B.C.) was a Phoenician merchant ship accidentally discovered in the 1950s off the coasts of the Murcia region (Spain). Sixty-four elephant tusks were part of the cargo. Some of them were recovered by archaeologists between 2007 and 2011 and are now stored in the restoration laboratory of the National Museum of Underwater Archaeology (ARQVA) of Cartagena. This study investigated the bioerosion traces present on 12 selected tusks in order to hypothesize which marine or terrestrial macroborers could have attacked this substrate. No work has previously looked at the biological degradation of this material. Taking into account the mineral composition of ivory, the hypothesized bioeroders were selected from those reported in the literature as bioeroders of rocks or other hard substrates (bones, corals, shells, etc.). The hypothesized biodeteriogens belongs to several groups of marine invertebrates (echinoids, barnacles, molluscs, sponges, polychaetes, and bryozoans) and terrestrial insects. Unfortunately, the absence of parts of the bioeroders’ body or of skeletal elements inside the studied traces did not allow definitive identification, so the attributions remain hypotheses. However, this study could be considered a starting point for an interesting debate and for future investigations on the bioerosion of this precious material.

中文翻译：

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巴霍德拉坎帕纳 (Bajo de la Campana) 沉船中腓尼基象牙的生物侵蚀研究：假设很多，确定性很少

Bajo de la Campana（公元前七世纪至六世纪）的沉船是一艘腓尼基商船，于 1950 年代在穆尔西亚地区（西班牙）沿岸意外发现。64 根象牙是货物的一部分。其中一些在 2007 年至 2011 年间被考古学家发现，现在存放在卡塔赫纳国家水下考古博物馆 (ARQVA) 的修复实验室中。本研究调查了 12 个选定的象牙上存在的生物侵蚀痕迹，以推测哪些海洋或陆地大螟可能攻击了该基质。以前没有研究过这种材料的生物降解。考虑到象牙的矿物成分，假设的生物侵蚀剂选自文献中报道的岩石或其他硬质基质（骨骼、珊瑚、贝壳等）。假设的生物去污剂属于几类海洋无脊椎动物（海鞘类、藤壶类、软体动物类、海绵类、多毛类和苔藓类动物）和陆生昆虫。不幸的是，由于研究痕迹中没有生物侵蚀者身体的任何部分或骨骼元素，因此无法进行明确的鉴定，因此归因仍然是假设。然而，这项研究可以被视为一个有趣的辩论的起点，也是未来对这种珍贵材料的生物侵蚀研究的起点。研究痕迹中缺少生物侵蚀者身体的任何部分或骨骼元素，因此无法进行明确的鉴定，因此归因仍然是假设。然而，这项研究可以被视为一个有趣的辩论的起点，也是未来对这种珍贵材料的生物侵蚀研究的起点。研究痕迹中缺少生物侵蚀者身体的任何部分或骨骼元素，因此无法进行明确的鉴定，因此归因仍然是假设。然而，这项研究可以被视为一个有趣的辩论的起点，也是未来对这种珍贵材料的生物侵蚀研究的起点。