Agriculture in the Upper Midwest of the USA is characterized by a short growing season and unsustainable farming practices including low-diversity cropping systems and high fertilizer inputs. One method to reduce the magnitude of these problems is by integrating a winter annual into the summer-annual-dominant cropping system. For this reason, pennycress (Thlaspi arvense) has garnered interest in the agricultural community due to its winter annual growth habit and potential for industrial oil production, making it an ecologically and economically desirable crop. Despite decades of research focusing on pennycress as an agricultural weed, little is known about its best management practices as an intentionally cultivated crop. The majority of agronomic research has occurred within the past 10 years, and there are major gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed prior to the widespread integration of pennycress on the landscape. Here we review relevant agronomic research on pennycress as a winter annual crop in the areas of sowing requirements, harvest, seed oil content, seed oil quality, cropping strategies, ecosystem services, and germplasm development. The major points are as follows: (1) there is little consensus regarding basic agronomic practices (i.e., seeding rate, row spacing, nutrient requirements, and harvest strategy); (2) pennycress can be integrated into a corn (Zea mays)–soybean (Glycine max) rotation, but further research on system management is required to maximize crop productivity and oilseed yields; (3) pennycress provides essential ecosystem services to the landscape in early spring when vegetation is scarce; (4) breeding efforts are required to remove detrimental weedy characteristics, such as silicle shatter and high sinigrin content, from the germplasm. We conclude that pennycress shows great promise as an emergent crop; however, current adoption is limited by a lack of conclusive knowledge regarding management practices and future research is required over a multitude of topics.

中文翻译：

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作为冬季年度现金覆盖作物的佩尼西的管理。回顾

美国中西部的农业以生长季节短和不可持续的耕作方式为特征，包括低多样性的耕作制度和高肥料投入。减少这些问题的严重程度的一种方法是将冬季年度纳入夏季-年度主导的种植系统。由于这个原因，便士（Thlaspi arvense）由于其冬季每年的生长习性和工业油生产的潜力，已引起了农业界的兴趣，使其成为具有生态和经济意义的作物。尽管数十年来的研究都集中在作为农业杂草的佩尼西丁上，但对其作为有意栽培作物的最佳管理实践知之甚少。大多数农艺学研究都发生在过去的10年中，因此，在将仙女豆广泛整合到景观中之前，需要解决的主要知识空白。在这里，我们回顾了播种需求，收获，种子油含量，种子油品质，作物策略，生态系统服务和种质发展等方面的有关作为一年生冬季作物的相关农艺学研究。要点如下：（1）在基本的农艺实践（即播种率，行距，养分需求和收获策略）方面几乎没有共识；（2）豆瓣菜可以整合到玉米中（玉米-大豆（Glycine max）轮作，但需要对系统管理进行进一步研究，以最大限度地提高作物生产力和油料籽产量；（3）早春植被稀缺时，仙女草为景观提供了必要的生态系统服务；（4）需要进行繁育工作，以从种质中去除有害的杂草特征，例如碎冰和高芥子苷含量。我们得出的结论是，仙女草作为一种新兴作物显示出巨大的希望。但是，由于缺乏有关管理实践的结论性知识，当前的采用受到限制，并且需要对多个主题进行进一步的研究。