Since the Little Ice Age maximum in mid-nineteenth century, glaciers of the Alps lost more than half of their respective area. The chance to observe primary succession in deglaciated areas has motivated researchers ever since with quite a number of studies on vegetation dynamics in glacier forelands dating back to the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Harsh site conditions make glacier forelands challenging environments for the colonization. Due to high mortality rates during establishment, plant colonization and vegetation dynamics in glacier forelands are commonly considered slow and delayed. Recent research, however, shows that primary succession of plants in glacier forelands is accelerated, most likely due to climate warming. This is demonstrated by a speedup of the colonization process itself as well as by changed colonization strategies of the plant species involved. Employing a virtually complete species list for 1911 provided by Raimund v. Klebelsberg and our data collected along a chronosequence roughly a century later, we compare the floristic composition and structural attributes of the plant species governing primary succession within the glacier foreland of Lenksteinferner (ferner is a Tyrolean toponym for glacier) (South Tyrol, Italy). We address questions of changes in the dynamics of colonization, the plant species involved and their respective biological traits. Our study confirms that present-day vegetation dynamics in the glacier foreland are accelerated, colonization occurs faster and more species are involved in early colonization than a century ago. However, the dominant early colonizers are essentially the same and there are no fundamental differences concerning the spectra of biological traits between the two sampling dates. Altered colonization strategies due to climate change could not be detected within the glacier foreland of the Lenksteinferner, probably due to a compensation of climate warming during the twentieth century by the shift of the glacier terminus to a higher elevation. As the difference in temperature between the two sampling areas matches the magnitude of warming between the two sampling dates, similar temperature conditions in front of the glacier terminus today and at Klebelsberg’s times can be assumed.

中文翻译：

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克莱伯斯伯格（Klebelsberg）再访：一个世纪前的冰川前陆植物的主要演替与今天是否有所不同？

自从19世纪中叶的小冰河时代达到最高峰以来，阿尔卑斯山的冰川损失了一半以上的面积。自从冰河地区观察到原始演替的机会以来，就一直激励着研究人员，早在19世纪和20世纪初，就对冰川前陆的植被动态进行了大量研究。严酷的地形条件使冰川前陆面临着殖民环境的挑战。由于建立过程中的高死亡率，通常认为冰川前陆的植物定植和植被动态缓慢且延迟。然而，最近的研究表明，冰川前陆地区植物的主要演替被加速了，这很可能是由于气候变暖所致。加快定居过程本身以及改变所涉及植物物种的定居策略可以证明这一点。利用Raimund v.Klebelsberg提供的1911年几乎完整的物种清单，以及大约一个世纪后沿时间序列收集的数据，我们比较了控制Lenksteinferner冰川前陆内主要演替的植物物种的植物学组成和结构特征。蒂罗尔冰川的地名）（意大利南蒂罗尔）。我们解决定居动态变化，涉及的植物种类及其各自生物学特性的问题。我们的研究证实，与一个世纪前相比，冰川前陆的当今植被动力学得到了加速，定植发生得更快，早期定居涉及的物种也更多。然而，主要的早期定居者基本上是相同的，并且在两个采样日期之间关于生物学特性的光谱没有根本的区别。Lenksteinferner的冰川前陆内未发现由于气候变化而改变的定居策略，这可能是由于20世纪冰川终点向更高海拔的转移对气候变暖的补偿。由于两个采样区域之间的温度差与两个采样日期之间的变暖幅度相匹配，因此可以假定今天冰川终点站前面和克莱贝尔斯堡时代的温度条件相似。主要的早期定居者基本上是相同的，并且在两个采样日期之间关于生物学性状的光谱没有根本差异。Lenksteinferner的冰川前陆内未发现由于气候变化而改变的定居策略，这可能是由于20世纪冰川终点向更高海拔的转移对气候变暖的补偿。由于两个采样区域之间的温度差与两个采样日期之间的变暖幅度相匹配，因此可以假定今天冰川终点站前面和克莱贝尔斯堡时代的温度条件相似。主要的早期定居者基本上是相同的，并且在两个采样日期之间关于生物学性状的光谱没有根本差异。Lenksteinferner的冰川前陆内未发现由于气候变化而改变的定居策略，这可能是由于20世纪冰川终点向更高海拔的转移对气候变暖的补偿。由于两个采样区域之间的温度差与两个采样日期之间的变暖幅度相匹配，因此可以假定今天冰川终点站前面和克莱贝尔斯堡时代的温度条件相似。可能是由于二十世纪由于冰川终点向更高海拔的转移而对气候变暖的补偿。由于两个采样区域之间的温度差与两个采样日期之间的变暖幅度相匹配，因此可以假定今天冰川终点站前面和克莱贝尔斯堡时代的温度条件相似。可能是由于二十世纪由于冰川终点向更高海拔的转移而对气候变暖的补偿。由于两个采样区域之间的温度差与两个采样日期之间的变暖幅度相匹配，因此可以假定今天冰川终点站前面和克莱贝尔斯堡时代的温度条件相似。