The loss of biodiversity by intensification of agricultural practices is a major environmental issue that calls for the design of new cropping systems. For instance, negative effects of tillage on earthworm populations have been reported. However, few field studies have compared full cropping systems. Here, we assessed diversity, density and biomass of earthworm populations for 3 years. We use a combined method involving a diluted solution of allyl isothiocyanate to expel earthworms followed by hand sorting. In a long-term trial, we compared 3 systems: (1) a conventional system, (2) a direct seeding living mulch-based cropping system, named a living mulch cropping system, and (3) an organic system. These three cropping systems differed in terms of soil tillage, pesticide and nitrogen use, and crop biomass production. The results showed that measured variables, except diversity, varied depending on the year of sampling. Further, anecic and epigeic density was 3.2–7.2 times higher in the living mulch cropping system than in the conventional and organic systems. There were 3.4–12.5 times more anecic and epigeic earthworm biomass in the living mulch cropping system. The conventional and organic systems showed, respectively, 2.8 and 2.2 times more earthworm density, and 1.9 and 1.8 times more endogeic earthworm biomass than in the living mulch cropping system. Shannon-Wiener and equitability indices were superior in the living mulch cropping system compared with the conventional and organic systems. Cropping systems thus modified specific and functional diversity as well as earthworm community biomass. On the other hand, the organic and conventional systems did not differ in their earthworm density, biomass or diversity.

中文翻译：

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living农以常规，有机和直接播种方式与直播覆盖系统一起播种

由于集约化农业作法造成的生物多样性丧失是一个重大的环境问题，需要设计新的种植系统。例如，已经报道了耕作对worm种群的负面影响。但是，很少有田间研究比较完整的种植系统。在这里，我们评估了3年worm的多样性，密度和生物量。我们使用一种联合方法，其中包括异硫氰酸烯丙酯的稀释溶液以驱除followed，然后进行手工分选。在一项长期试验中，我们比较了3个系统：（1）传统系统；（2）直接播种的基于直播覆盖物的种植系统，称为直播覆盖物种植系统；以及（3）有机系统。这三种耕作系统在土壤耕作，农药和氮的使用以及作物生物量的生产方面有所不同。结果表明，除多样性外，测量变量随采样年份的不同而变化。此外，活覆盖农作系统的风和epi密度比传统和有机系统高3.2–7.2倍。地膜覆盖作物系统中，ec和表皮worm的生物量增加了3.4–12.5倍。常规和有机系统分别比活地覆盖种植系统的crop密度高2.8倍和2.2倍，内生earth生物量高1.9倍和1.8倍。与常规和有机系统相比，在有机覆盖种植系统中，Shannon-Wiener和公平指数更高。种植系统因此改变了特定和功能多样性以及worm群落生物量。另一方面，