Behavioral responses are the most immediate ways animals interact with their environment, and are primary mechanisms by which individuals mitigate mortality risk while ensuring reproductive success. In disturbance-driven landscapes, animals must adjust behaviors both spatially and temporally to maximize individual fitness. Prescribed fire is an important ecosystem driver in many coniferous forests, as fire cycles nutrients, creates spatially heterogeneous distributions in quantity and quality of forage and cover, and provides opportunities for fire-adapted taxa. Because fire immediately shifts resource distribution, and fire characteristics may drive behavioral responses to recent burns, we examined behavioral responses of 105 Global Positioning System (GPS)-tagged female eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris Linnaeus, 1758) to fire application at three sites in southeastern United States. We used satellite-derived imagery to calculate burn severity and burn heterogeneity. We also calculated distance to adjacent unburned stands and time-since-fire at GPS locations of each turkey while inside burned stands. We used behavioral change point analyses to estimate behavioral state for turkeys using burned areas, and generalized linear mixed models to estimate how fire characteristics affected turkey behavior inside burned areas. Turkeys focused their use in less severely burned areas, and were less likely to use the interior of burned areas. Turkeys were more likely to forage and rest in less severely burned areas, suggesting that managers should apply prescribed fire frequently enough to promote low-severity burns. We found that, as distance to neighboring unburned areas increased, turkeys were more likely to walk through the interiors of recently burned areas, as opposed to resting or foraging in them, suggesting that the interiors of some burn units are less suitable habitat in the year that prescribed fire is applied. Our findings suggest that prescribed fire applied to ensure that interior areas of burned stands are <250 m from adjacent unburned stands or to stands shaped to maximize edge-to-area ratios likely create more suitable conditions for foraging and resting. The application and spatial arrangement of prescribed fire, even in frequently burned areas, affect animal response and behaviors. Prescribed fire regimes should be created in recognition that sizes of burned stands and fire severity, along with determinants of fire severity (e.g., fuel loads, return intervals, timing), are important influences on animal behavior in frequent-fire-managed landscapes.

中文翻译：

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火特性的时空变化影响火热景观中动物的反应

行为反应是动物与环境互动的最直接方式，也是个体减轻死亡风险并确保繁殖成功的主要机制。在扰动驱动的景观中，动物必须在空间和时间上调整行为，以最大程度地提高个人适应性。在许多针叶林中，规定的火是重要的生态系统驱动力，因为火会循环养分，在饲料和覆盖物的数量和质量上造成空间上的异质分布，并为适应火的生物分类提供机会。由于火势会立即改变资源分布，并且火势可能驱动对近期烧伤的行为响应，因此我们研究了105个带有全球定位系统（GPS）标签的东部雌性火鸡（Meleagris gallopavo silvestris Linnaeus，1758年）在美国东南部的三个地点开火。我们使用源自卫星的图像来计算燃烧严重性和燃烧异质性。我们还计算了到相邻未燃烧机架的距离，以及每个火鸡在燃烧机架内GPS位置处的自发射击时间。我们使用行为变化点分析来评估使用燃烧区域的火鸡的行为状态，并使用广义线性混合模型来评估火灾特征如何影响燃烧区域内部的火鸡行为。土耳其将其用途集中在不太严重的燃烧区域，并且不太可能在燃烧区域内部使用。土耳其人更可能在不那么严重的烧伤地区觅食和休息，这表明管理人员应该经常开处方火，以促进低度烧伤。我们发现 随着与邻近未燃烧区域的距离增加，火鸡更可能走过最近燃烧的区域的内部，而不是在其中休息或觅食，这表明在规定的火灾发生年份，某些燃烧单元的内部不适合居住。应用。我们的发现表明，应采用规定的火种来确保燃烧后的林分的内部区域与相邻未燃烧的林分之间的距离小于250 m，或者为了使边缘与面积之比最大化而成形的林分可能会为觅食和休息创造更合适的条件。即使在经常燃烧的地方，规定火的施加和空间布置也会影响动物的反应和行为。应当制定规定的火灾制度，以认识到燃烧的林分的大小和火灾的严重性以及火灾严重性的决定因素（例如，燃料负荷，