The larvae of several species in the hawk moth genus Hyles, including H. euphorbiae, feed on plants of the genus Euphorbia containing phorbol esters and are insensitive to addition of the standard phorbol ester, tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) to their artificial diet. Specialised non-Euphorbia feeding larvae were sensitive, whereas polyphagous ones were insensitive if their natural food plant spectrum also includes Euphorbia. Larvae of Hippotion celerio, an out-group species with polyphagous larvae not using Euphorbia as food plants, were sensitive. A highly conserved sequence of the TPA binding site of the protein kinase C in H. euphorbiae and Hippotion celerio demonstrates that intoxication by phorbol esters is not avoided by preventing target binding. H. euphorbiae larvae showed no vitality loss after chemical destruction of their peritrophic matrix and subsequent TPA treatment. TPA fed larvae that had putatively piperonyl butoxide (PBO)-inhibited cytochrome P450 enzymes also showed no deficits, indicating that this is not the only detoxification pathway in H. euphorbiae. Based on these qualitative results, we postulate that proto-Hyles was polyphagous with the ability to use Euphorbia as food plants. The most ancestral Hyles species presumably remained polyphagous, with the ability to switch to the toxic food plants if necessary. Within the youngest, Palearctic radiation, the species specialised on non-Euphorbia plants subsequently lost detoxification abilities, albeit not to 100%. The species in South America, the origin of Hyles, can detoxify TPA, indicating this ability to be a plesiomorphic character state within the genus that enabled its adaptive radiation in the Palearctic, the distribution and diversity centre of Euphorbia.

中文翻译：

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适应性辐射中的化学生态特征：在Hyles和Hippotion（鞘翅目，鳞翅目）幼虫中的TPA敏感性和排毒

在天蛾属几个物种的幼虫Hyles，包括H.大戟，饲料上属植物大戟含有佛波醇酯和不敏感除了标准佛波酯，十四酰佛波醇-13-乙酸酯的（TPA）与它们人工饮食。专门的非大戟属幼虫很敏感，而多食性的幼虫如果其天然食用植物也包括大戟属，则不敏感。幼虫Hippotion celerio，与不使用多食性幼虫的外类群物种大戟如食品厂，是敏感的。蛋白激酶C的TPA结合位点的高度保守序列大戟嗜血杆菌和天疱疮证明，通过防止靶标结合不能避免佛波醇酯引起的中毒。大戟H. euphorbiae幼虫在其周围营养基质的化学破坏和随后的TPA处理后未显示出活力丧失。TPA饲喂的幼虫具有公认的胡椒基丁醚（PBO）抑制的细胞色素P450酶，也没有显示缺陷，这表明这不是大戟嗜血杆菌的唯一解毒途径。基于这些定性结果，我们假设原海藻是多食性的，能够将大戟属用作食用植物。最祖先的海尔斯可能该物种仍处于多食性，并在必要时能够转向有毒食用植物。在最年轻的古太平洋辐射中，专门针对非大戟属植物的物种随后丧失了解毒能力，尽管没有达到100％。南美洲的物种是Hyles的起源，可以使TPA解毒，表明这种能力是属内的多形性状，能够使其适应性辐射到古大地，大戟属的分布和多样性中心。