Force-directed algorithms have been developed over the last 50 years and used in many application fields, including information visualisation, biological network visualisation, sensor networks, routing algorithms, scheduling, and graph drawing. Our survey provides a comprehensive summary of developments and a full roadmap for state-of-the-art force-directed algorithms in schematic drawings and placement. We classified the model of force-directed algorithms into classical and hybrid. The classical force-directed algorithms are further classified as follows: (a) accumulated force models, (b) energy function minimisation models and (c) combinatorial optimisation models. The hybrid force-directed algorithms are classified as follows: (a) parallel and hardware accelerated models, (b) multilevel force-directed models and (c) multidimensional scaling force-directed algorithms. Five categories of application domains in which force-directed algorithms have been adopted for schematic drawings and placement are also summarised: (a) aesthetic drawings for general networks, (b) component placement and scheduling in high-level synthesis of very-large-scale integration circuits design, (c) information visualisation, (d) biological network visualisation and (e) node placement and localisation for sensor networks.

中文翻译：

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用于示意图和放置的力导向算法：调查

力导向算法在过去 50 年中得到了发展，并用于许多应用领域，包括信息可视化、生物网络可视化、传感器网络、路由算法、调度和图形绘制。我们的调查提供了对示意图和布局中最先进的力导向算法的发展的全面总结和完整的路线图。我们将力导向算法的模型分为经典模型和混合模型。经典的力导向算法进一步分类如下：（a）累积力模型，（b）能量函数最小化模型和（c）组合优化模型。混合力导向算法分类如下：（a）并行和硬件加速模型，(b) 多级力导向模型和 (c) 多维缩放力导向算法。还总结了在示意图和布局中采用了力导向算法的五类应用领域：(a) 通用网络的美学绘图，(b) 超大规模高层次综合中的组件布局和调度集成电路设计，(c) 信息可视化，(d) 生物网络可视化和 (e) 传感器网络的节点放置和定位。