We report on the successful completion of a 2 trillion particle cosmological simulation to $z=0$ run on the Piz Daint supercomputer (CSCS, Switzerland), using 4000+ GPU nodes for a little less than 80 h of wall-clock time or 350,000 node hours. Using multiple benchmarks and performance measurements on the US Oak Ridge National Laboratory Titan supercomputer, we demonstrate that our code PKDGRAV3, delivers, to our knowledge, the fastest time-to-solution for large-scale cosmological N-body simulations. This was made possible by using the Fast Multipole Method in conjunction with individual and adaptive particle time steps, both deployed efficiently (and for the first time) on supercomputers with GPU-accelerated nodes. The very low memory footprint of PKDGRAV3 allowed us to run the first ever benchmark with 8 trillion particles on Titan, and to achieve perfect scaling up to 18,000 nodes and a peak performance of 10 Pflops.

中文翻译：

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PKDGRAV3：下一个星系调查时代的万亿粒子宇宙学模拟

我们报告了在Piz Daint超级计算机（瑞士CSCS）上使用4000+ GPU节点在不到80小时的挂钟时间或350,000小时的情况下成功完成了2万亿个粒子宇宙学模拟，以$ z = 0 $运行节点时间。通过在美国橡树岭国家实验室Titan超级计算机上使用多个基准和性能测量结果，我们证明了我们的代码PKDGRAV3为我们所知提供了大规模宇宙N体模拟最快的求解时间。通过将快速多极方法与单独的和自适应的粒子时间步长结合使用，使这一切成为可能，这两个步骤都有效地（并且首次）部署在具有GPU加速节点的超级计算机上。PKDGRAV3的内存占用量非常低，这使我们能够在Titan上运行8万亿个粒子，这是第一个基准测试，