This study aimed to apply a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model to estimate the annual risk probability of Salmonella infection associated with the consumption of crops, which were irrigated with raw wastewater abstracted by farmers without official permission. Data generated from the model were used to propose realistic standards for Salmonella in irrigation water needed for safe crop production. Results demonstrated the presence of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and Salmonella in wastewater samples. Salmonella was recorded on lettuce and spinach in 3 different harvesting events, although it was not found in data obtained for parsley plant. The QMRA scenario included surface irrigation, consumption of raw crops, and 1‐day withholding period before harvest. The annual risk probability of Salmonella infection for consumers exceeded the target tolerable risk (7.7 × 10⁻⁴) for investigated crops. The Pearson's correlation coefficient between different annual risk probabilities showed significant correlation (p < 0.05). The levels of risk posed from spinach and lettuce were roughly similar, although they tended to be higher for lettuce. The optimum concentrations of Salmonella in irrigation water needed to satisfy the World Health Organization guidelines of disease burden (disability‐adjusted life years 10⁻⁶) per person per year ranged from 34 to 119 via multiple‐tube fermentation technique/100 mL, for spinach and lettuce plants, respectively. The study concluded that unofficial reuse of wastewater in irrigation is a principle route for crop contamination. Water quality monitoring programs should be integrated with QMRA investigations for better estimation of risk level. The fit parameters used could be tailored to cover a wide array of local situations in different countries. Models applied for viruses, helminths, and bacteria other than Salmonella are encouraged in future studies. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:353–361. © 2019 SETAC

中文翻译：

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应用定量微生物风险评估模型制定适当的灌溉水标准。


本研究旨在应用定量微生物风险评估（QMRA）模型来估计与农作物消费相关的沙门氏菌感染的年度风险概率，这些农作物是用农民未经官方许可提取的原废水灌溉的。该模型生成的数据用于提出安全作物生产所需灌溉水中沙门氏菌的现实标准。结果表明废水样品中存在总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群、粪链球菌和沙门氏菌。在 3 个不同的收获事件中，在生菜和菠菜上记录到沙门氏菌，但在欧芹植物获得的数据中未发现沙门氏菌。 QMRA 情景包括地表灌溉、原始作物消耗以及收获前 1 天的停药期。消费者感染沙门氏菌的年风险概率超过了所调查作物的目标可容忍风险（7.7 × 10 ^-4 ）。不同年度风险概率之间的 Pearson 相关系数显示出显着相关性 ( p < 0.05)。菠菜和生菜带来的风险水平大致相似，但生菜的风险水平往往更高。对于菠菜，满足世界卫生组织每人每年疾病负担指南（残疾调整生命年 10 ^-6 ）所需的灌溉水中沙门氏菌的最佳浓度范围为 34 至 119（通过多管发酵技术/100 mL）和生菜植物，分别。该研究得出的结论是，灌溉废水的非官方再利用是农作物污染的主要途径。 水质监测计划应与 QMRA 调查相结合，以便更好地估计风险水平。可以定制所使用的拟合参数，以涵盖不同国家的各种当地情况。在未来的研究中鼓励将模型应用于沙门氏菌以外的病毒、蠕虫和细菌。整体环境评估管理2020；16：353–361。© 2019 塞塔克