Abstract

Purpose

To evaluate the ocular surface, meibomian gland alterations, and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) parameters through correlation with nicotine dependency level (NDL) and duration of smoking (DS) in chronic smokers.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included 50 eyes of 50 chronic smokers, and 50 eyes of 50 age- and gender-matched healthy nonsmokers. To examine the ocular surface and tear film, corneal sensitivity (CS) measurement with Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer, tear film break-up time (TBUT), lissamine green (LG) staining, Schirmer I test with anesthesia, and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire were performed consecutively. Basal epithelial cell, keratocyte, and endothelial cell density, the percentage of endothelial polymegethism/pleomorphism, and subbasal nerve plexus were evaluated using IVCM. Meibomian gland density was evaluated with a meibography unit. The Fagerström test was used to measure NDL, and DS was recorded.

Results

In the chronic smokers group, the basal epithelial cell density, anterior and posterior keratocytes, endothelial cell density, and long and total subbasal nerve numbers were lower, and LG staining, meiboscore, and OSDI scores were higher, compared with the control group, whereas other parameters were similar. The percentage of polymegethism was higher and the percentage of pleomorphism was lower in the chronic smokers group. In the correlation analysis, no significant relationship was found between the DS, NDL and ocular surface, and IVCM findings.

Conclusion

Decreased corneal basal epithelium, anterior and posterior keratocytes, endothelial cell density, meibomian gland density, and subbasal nerve numbers were found in chronic smokers. The results of the study show that smoking has an adverse effect on ocular surface parameters.

中文翻译：

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慢性吸烟者角膜的眼表，睑板腺改变和体内共聚焦显微镜特征

摘要

目的

若要通过与慢性吸烟者的尼古丁依赖水平（NDL）和吸烟时间（DS）相关联来评估眼表，睑板腺改变和体内共聚焦显微镜（IVCM）参数。

方法

这项横断面研究包括50例慢性吸烟者的50眼和50例年龄和性别匹配的健康非吸烟者的50眼。要检查眼表和泪膜，使用Cochet-Bonnet麻醉仪进行角膜敏感性（CS）测量，泪膜破裂时间（TBUT），利萨明绿（LG）染色，麻醉的Schirmer I试验以及眼表疾病指数（ OSDI）问卷是连续进行的。使用IVCM评估基础上皮细胞，角质形成细胞和内皮细胞密度，内皮多态性/多态性的百分比以及基底下神经丛。睑板腺密度用代谢谱仪评估。用Fagerström检验测量NDL，并记录DS。

结果

在慢性吸烟者组中，与对照组相比，基底上皮细胞密度，前角膜和后角膜细胞，内皮细胞密度以及基底下神经长和总根数较低，LG染色，中核和OSDI评分较高。其他参数相似。慢性吸烟者中，多态性的百分比较高，多态性的百分比较低。在相关分析中，DS，NDL和眼表以及IVCM结果之间没有发现显着关系。

结论

在慢性吸烟者中发现角膜基底上皮，前后角膜细胞，内皮细胞密度，睑板腺密度和基底下神经数量减少。研究结果表明，吸烟对眼表参数有不利影响。