Road overpasses cost more than underpasses and can be built for most terrestrial mammals to resolve and/or minimize effects from habitat fragmentation. Many overpasses intended for human activity might also allow wildlife passage. Using digital infrared cameras from 2015 to 2016 in Hokkaido, Japan, we evaluated such use in three overpasses, where two were designed for humans and one for wildlife. Nine mammal species were detected at the three overpasses. Three middle-sized mammals—raccoons (Procyon lotor), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides)—and a large mammal species, the sika deer (Cervus nippon), frequently used all of the overpasses. Our results showed that the overpass designed for wildlife was richer in species than the two overpasses for humans. However, results also showed that there were no significant differences in use among four animal species in the three overpasses. We propose the construction of small overpasses without plants to conserve habitat reconnection of middle-sized to large mammals. Arboreal species’ habitats need structural change with additional of plants.

中文翻译：

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供人类使用的立交桥可以被中型和大型哺乳动物穿越

道路立交桥比地下立交桥成本更高，可以为大多数陆地哺乳动物建造，以解决和/或最小化栖息地破碎化的影响。许多用于人类活动的立交桥也可能允许野生生物通过。我们使用了日本北海道2015年至2016年的数字红外摄像机，在三个立交桥中评估了这种用途，其中两个立交桥是为人类设计的，一个是为野生生物而设计的。在三个立交桥处检测到九种哺乳动物。三种中型哺乳动物：浣熊（Procyon lotor），赤狐（Vulpes vulpes）和浣熊狗（Nyctereutes procyonoides），以及大型哺乳动物，即梅花鹿（Cervus nippon），经常使用所有的立交桥。我们的结果表明，为野生动植物设计的立交桥比人类的两个立交桥物种丰富。但是，结果还显示，在三个立交桥中，四种动物之间的使用没有显着差异。我们建议建造没有植物的小型立交桥，以保护中型到大型哺乳动物的栖息地。树木物种的栖息地需要通过增加植物来改变结构。