Natural resources within and around urban landscapes are under increasing pressure from ongoing urbanisation, and management efforts aimed at ensuring the sustainable provision of ecosystem services (ES) are an important response. Given the limited resources available for assessing urban ES in many cities, practical approaches for integrating ES in decision-making process are needed. We apply remote sensing techniques (integrating LiDAR data with high-resolution multispectral imagery) and combined these with supplementary spatial data to develop a replicable approach for assessing the role of urban vegetation (including invasive alien plants) in providing ES and ecosystem disservices (EDS). We identify areas denoting potential management trade-offs based on the spatial distribution of ES and EDS using a local-scale case study in the city of Cape Town, South Africa. Situated within a global biodiversity hotspot, Cape Town must contend with widespread invasions of alien plants (especially trees and shrubs) along with complex socio-political challenges. This represents a useful system to examine the challenges in managing ES and EDS in the context of urban plant invasions. Areas of high ES provision (for example carbon sequestration, shade and visual amenity) are characterized by the presence of large trees. However, many of these areas also result in numerous EDS due to invasions of alien trees and shrubs – particularly along rivers, in wetlands and along the urban edge where tall alien trees have established and spread into the natural vegetation (for example increased water consumption, increased fire risk and reduced soil quality). This suggests significant trade-offs regarding the management of species and the ES and EDS they provide. The approach applied here can be used to provide recommendations and to guide city planners and managers to fine-tune management interventions at local scales to maximise the provision of ES.

中文翻译：

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受到外来植物入侵影响的城市生态系统中生态系统服务－服务二分法的精细评估

城市景观内部和周围的自然资源承受着不断城市化带来的越来越大的压力，旨在确保可持续提供生态系统服务（ES）的管理工作是一项重要的对策。鉴于在许多城市中可用于评估城市ES的资源有限，因此需要将ES纳入决策过程的实用方法。我们应用遥感技术（将LiDAR数据与高分辨率多光谱图像集成），并将其与补充空间数据相结合，以开发可复制的方法来评估城市植被（包括外来入侵植物）在提供ES和生态系统损害（EDS）中的作用。我们使用南非开普敦市的局部案例研究，根据ES和EDS的空间分布来确定表示潜在管理权衡的区域。开普敦位于全球生物多样性热点地区，必须应对外来植物（尤其是树木和灌木丛）的广泛入侵以及复杂的社会政治挑战。这是一个有用的系统，可以检查在城市植物入侵的背景下管理ES和EDS的挑战。提供高ES的区域（例如碳固存，阴影和视觉舒适性）的特点是存在大树。但是，由于外来树木和灌木的入侵，尤其是沿河流，在湿地和城市边缘，高大的外来树木已经建立并扩散到自然植被中（例如，用水量增加，火灾风险增加和土壤质量降低）。这表明在物种管理以及它们提供的ES和EDS方面需要进行重大折衷。此处使用的方法可用于提供建议，并指导城市规划人员和管理人员在本地范围内微调管理干预措施，以最大程度地提供ES。