Sustainability of cereal-based cropping systems remains crucial for food security in South Asia. However, productivity of cereal–cereal rotations has declined in the long run, demonstrating the need for a sustainable alternative. Base crop, that is, common crop in different crop rotations, productivity could be used as a sustainability indicator for the assessment of different long-term crop rotations. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of grain legume inclusion in lowland rice–wheat (R-W) and upland maize–wheat (M-W) rotation on system’s base crop (rice in lowland and wheat in upland crop rotations) productivity and sustainability and also in soil fertility. Mung bean (April–May) inclusion in R-W rotation increased rice grain yield by 10–14%. In upland, mung bean inclusion in M-W rotation increased wheat grain yield by 5–11%. Replacing wheat with chickpea in R-W rotation increased rice grain yield by 5–8%. Increased base crop productivity in legume inclusive rotations was attributed to significant improvement in panicle (rice) or spike (wheat) attributes. Increased soil organic carbon and available nitrogen and phosphorus in the legume inclusive rotations significantly influenced the base crop productivity in both the production systems. Among the crop rotations, R-W-Mb (in lowland) and M-W-Mb (in upland) rotations had the highest system productivity and net return. Therefore, intensification/diversification of cereal–cereal rotations with grain legume could improve soil fertility and sustain crop productivity.

中文翻译：

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从长远来看，谷物与谷物轮作中的豆类谷物提高了基础作物的生产力

以谷物为基础的种植系统的可持续性对于南亚的粮食安全仍然至关重要。然而，从长远来看，谷物-谷物轮作的生产力已经下降，这表明需要一种可持续的替代品。基础作物，即不同轮作中的普通作物，生产力可以作为评估不同长期轮作的可持续性指标。本研究旨在评估在低地水稻-小麦 (RW) 和旱地玉米-小麦 (MW) 轮作中加入豆科植物对系统基础作物（低地水稻和旱作作物轮作中的小麦）生产力和可持续性以及土壤的影响生育能力。在 RW 轮作中加入绿豆（4 月至 5 月）可使水稻产量提高 10% 至 14%。在高地，在 MW 轮作中加入绿豆可使小麦籽粒产量提高 5-11%。在 RW 轮作中用鹰嘴豆代替小麦可使水稻产量提高 5-8%。豆科轮作中基础作物生产力的提高归因于穗（水稻）或穗（小麦）属性的显着改善。豆科轮作中增加的土壤有机碳和有效氮和磷显着影响了两个生产系统的基础作物生产力。在作物轮作中，RW-Mb（低地）和MW-Mb（高地）轮作具有最高的系统生产力和净收益。因此，强化/多样化谷物与豆类的谷物轮作可以提高土壤肥力并维持作物生产力。豆科轮作中基础作物生产力的提高归因于穗（水稻）或穗（小麦）属性的显着改善。豆科轮作中增加的土壤有机碳和有效氮和磷显着影响了两个生产系统的基础作物生产力。在作物轮作中，RW-Mb（低地）和MW-Mb（高地）轮作具有最高的系统生产力和净收益。因此，强化/多样化谷物与豆类的谷物轮作可以提高土壤肥力并维持作物生产力。豆科轮作中基础作物生产力的提高归因于穗（水稻）或穗（小麦）属性的显着改善。豆科轮作中增加的土壤有机碳和有效氮和磷显着影响了两个生产系统的基础作物生产力。在作物轮作中，RW-Mb（低地）和MW-Mb（高地）轮作具有最高的系统生产力和净收益。因此，强化/多样化谷物与豆类的谷物轮作可以提高土壤肥力并维持作物生产力。在作物轮作中，RW-Mb（低地）和MW-Mb（高地）轮作具有最高的系统生产力和净收益。因此，强化/多样化谷物与豆类的谷物轮作可以提高土壤肥力并维持作物生产力。在作物轮作中，RW-Mb（低地）和MW-Mb（高地）轮作具有最高的系统生产力和净收益。因此，强化/多样化谷物与豆类的谷物轮作可以提高土壤肥力并维持作物生产力。