Immunotherapy is considered as an effective method for cancer treatment owing to the induction of specific and long-lasting anti-cancer effects. Immunotherapeutic strategies have shown significant success in human malignancies, particularly in prostate cancer (PCa), a major global health issue regarding its high metastatic rates. In fact, the first cancer vaccine approved by FDA was Provenge, which has been successfully used for treatment of PCa. Despite the remarkable success of cancer immunotherapy in PCa, many of the developed immunotherapy methods show poor therapeutic outcomes. Immunosuppression in tumor microenvironment (TME) induced by non-functional T cells (CD4⁺ and CD8⁺), tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs), and regulatory T cells, has been reported to be the main obstacle to the effectiveness of anti-tumor immune responses induced by an immunotherapy method. The present review particularly focuses on the latest findings of the immune checkpoints (ICPs), including CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, LAG-3, OX40, B7-H3, 4-1BB, VISTA, TIM-3, and ICOS; these checkpoints are able to have immune modulatory effects on the TME of PCa. This paper further discusses different approaches in ICPs targeting therapy and summarizes the latest advances in the clinical application of ICP-targeted therapy as monotherapy or in combination with other cancer therapy modalities in PCa.

由于诱导特异性和持久的抗癌作用，免疫疗法被认为是治疗癌症的有效方法。免疫治疗策略在人类恶性肿瘤，特别是前列腺癌（PCa）方面取得了显着的成功，前列腺癌是一个因其高转移率而成为全球主要健康问题的疾病。事实上，FDA批准的第一个癌症疫苗是Provenge，它已成功用于治疗PCa。尽管癌症免疫治疗在前列腺癌中取得了显着的成功，但许多已开发的免疫治疗方法的治疗效果不佳。据报道，由非功能性 T 细胞（CD4 ⁺和 CD8 ⁺ ）、耐受性树突状细胞 (DC) 和调节性 T 细胞诱导的肿瘤微环境 (TME) 中的免疫抑制是抗肿瘤免疫有效性的主要障碍由免疫治疗方法诱导的反应。本综述特别关注免疫检查点（ICP）的最新发现，包括 CTLA-4、PD-1、PD-L1、LAG-3、OX40、B7-H3、4-1BB、VISTA、TIM-3、和ICOS；这些检查点能够对 PCa 的 TME 产生免疫调节作用。本文进一步讨论了ICP靶向治疗的不同方法，并总结了ICP靶向治疗作为单一疗法或与其他癌症治疗方式联合治疗PCa的临床应用的最新进展。