In this study, the biological activities and mode of action of 3-butylidene phthalide (3-BPH) were studied. 3-BPH had a superior efficiency against microsclerotia of Macrophomina phaseolina compared to the commercial fungicide tricyclazole. The microsclerotia formation and pigmentation were inhibited at 100 μg/mL. Moreover, the fungicide exhibited in silico affinity toward trihydroxy naphthalene reductase (3HNR). Both 3-BPH and tricyclazole showed congruence in the orientation and interaction within the 3HNR active site. 3-BPH displayed a strong interaction with SER-164, TYR-178, and TYR-223, with estimated binding energy and inhibition constant of -6.78 kcal mol-1, and Ki = 12.6 μM, respectively. Furthermore, it showed in vitro and in silico inhibitory activity against Drosophila melanogaster acetylcholinesterase in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 = 730 μg/mL. It also impaired Galleria mellonella phenol oxidase enzyme, which corresponds with the insect's immune system. Phytotoxicity of 3-BPH was evident against Lemna minor at 1000 μg /mL; nevertheless, it was nontoxic at the concentrations inhibiting M. phaseolina microsclerotia and dark pigments suggest that it may be safe for use on other plants at low doses. Further assays are wanted to develop 3-BPH as a novel crop protection compound.

中文翻译：

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3-丁叉苯酞作为有效天然农药的作用方式

在本研究中，研究了 3-丁叉苯酞 (3-BPH) 的生物活性和作用方式。与商业杀菌剂三环唑相比，3-BPH 对菜豆小孢子菌的微菌核病具有更高的效率。100 μg/mL 时可抑制微菌核形成和色素沉着。此外，该杀菌剂对三羟基萘还原酶 (3HNR) 表现出硅胶亲和力。3-BPH 和三环唑在 3HNR 活性位点内的方向和相互作用方面表现出一致。3-BPH 显示出与 SER-164、TYR-178 和 TYR-223 的强相互作用，估计结合能和抑制常数分别为 -6.78 kcal mol-1 和 Ki = 12.6 μM。此外，它以浓度依赖性方式显示出对黑腹果蝇乙酰胆碱酯酶的体外和计算机抑制活性，IC50 = 730 μg/mL。它还损害了大蜡螟酚氧化酶，该酶与昆虫的免疫系统相对应。3-BPH 在 1000 μg/mL 时对 Lemna minor 有明显的植物毒性；尽管如此，它在抑制豆蔻微核病的浓度下是无毒的，深色色素表明它在低剂量下用于其他植物可能是安全的。需要进一步的分析来开发 3-BPH 作为一种新型作物保护化合物。它在抑制 M. phaseolina microsclerotia 的浓度下是无毒的，深色色素表明它在低剂量下用于其他植物可能是安全的。需要进一步的分析来开发 3-BPH 作为一种新型作物保护化合物。它在抑制 M. phaseolina microsclerotia 的浓度下是无毒的，深色色素表明它在低剂量下用于其他植物可能是安全的。需要进一步的分析来开发 3-BPH 作为一种新型作物保护化合物。