Postsurgical neuropathies represent an infrequent but potentially devastating complication of surgery that may result in significant morbidity with medicolegal implications. Elucidation of this phenomenon has evolved over the past few decades, with emerging evidence for not only iatrogenic factors contributing to this process but also inflammatory causes. This distinction can be important; for instance, cases in which inflammatory etiologies are suspected may benefit from further investigations including nerve biopsy and may benefit from treatment in the form of immunotherapy. In contrast, postsurgical neuropathies due to perioperative causes including anesthesia, traction, compression, and transection will not benefit in the same manner. This article summarizes early and current literature surrounding the frequency of new neurologic deficits after various surgical types, potential causes including anatomical and inflammatory considerations, and roles for treatment. To capture the scope of the issue, a literature review was conducted for human studies in English via MEDLINE and EMBASE from January 1, 1988 to March 31, 2018. Search terms included anesthesia and/or surgical procedures, operative, peripheral nervous system diseases, trauma, mononeuropathy, polyneuropathy, peripheral nervous system, nerve compression, neuropathy, plexopathy, postoperative, postsurgical, perioperative, complication. We excluded case series with less than 10 patients and review papers. We then narrowed the studies to those presented highlighting key concepts in postsurgical neuropathy.

中文翻译：

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术后神经病：描述性综述。

手术后神经病变代表一种罕见的但可能具有毁灭性的手术并发症，可能导致重大发病并具有法医学意义。在过去的几十年中，对这种现象的阐明得到了发展，不仅有医源性因素促成这一过程，而且也有炎症性原因的新证据。这种区别可能很重要。例如，怀疑有炎症病因的病例可能会受益于包括神经活检在内的进一步检查，并可能受益于免疫疗法形式的治疗。相反，由于围手术期原因（包括麻醉，牵引，压迫和横切）导致的术后神经病不会以相同的方式受益。本文总结了各种外科手术后新的神经功能缺损的发生频率，潜在原因（包括解剖学和炎症方面的考虑因素以及治疗作用）的早期和当前文献。为捕捉问题的范围，1988年1月1日至2018年3月31日，通过MEDLINE和EMBASE用英语对人体进行了文献综述。检索词包括麻醉和/或外科手术，手术，周围神经系统疾病，创伤，单神经病，多发性神经病，周围神经系统，神经压迫，神经病，丛状病，术后，术后，围手术期，并发症。我们排除了少于10名患者的病例系列，并回顾了论文。然后，我们将研究范围缩小到那些突出强调术后神经病变关键概念的研究。