This study explored how mothers' observed and self-reported child feeding practices (child control over food choices, encouragement of balance and variety, and teaching about nutrition) were associated with mother-child snack food selections and child snack food consumption in a laboratory setting. Mothers (N = 107) and their 4.5-year-old children (52% female) selected up to 5 snack foods (out of 9 snack foods: 6 higher-energy-density [ED] and 3 lower-ED) for optional child consumption throughout a one-hour laboratory visit. Mothers' in-the-moment child feeding practices during the snack food selection task were coded using observational coding schemes, and mothers' global child feeding practices (i.e., across meals and snacking occasions) were self-reported using the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (Musher-Eizenman & Holub, 2007). Results of multiple linear regression analyses with covariates showed that higher-ED snack food selections were positively associated with observed child control over food choices (B = 0.35, SE = 0.12, p = .006) and self-reported teaching about nutrition (B = 0.49, SE = 0.19, p = .010), and negatively associated with self-reported encouragement of balance and variety (B = -0.66, SE = 0.24, p = .007). Lower-ED snack food selections were positively associated with self-reported encouragement of balance and variety (B = 0.53, SE = 0.20, p = .008). Child consumption of higher-ED or lower-ED snack foods were not significantly associated with mothers' child feeding practices (observed or self-reported). We discuss the implications of these findings for future research on children's snack food selection and consumption.

中文翻译：

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基于实验室的母子零食选择和儿童零食消费评估：与观察到的和母亲对儿童喂养行为的自我报告的关联

本研究探讨了母亲观察和自我报告的儿童喂养做法（儿童对食物选择的控制、鼓励平衡和多样化以及营养教育）与母子零食选择和实验室环境中儿童零食消费的关系. 母亲（N = 107）和她们 4.5 岁的孩子（52% 是女性）为可选孩子选择了最多 5 种零食（9 种零食中：6 种高能量密度 [ED] 和 3 种低 ED）整个一小时实验室访问的消耗量。使用观察性编码方案对母亲在零食选择任务期间的即时儿童喂养做法进行编码，并使用综合喂养做法问卷自我报告母亲的全球儿童喂养做法（即，跨餐和吃零食的时间）。 Musher-Eizenman & 赫鲁布，2007 年）。使用协变量的多元线性回归分析结果表明，高 ED 零食选择与观察到的儿童对食物选择的控制（B = 0.35，SE = 0.12，p = .006）和自我报告的营养教学（B = 0.49，SE = 0.19，p = .010），并与自我报告的平衡和多样性鼓励负相关（B = -0.66，SE = 0.24，p = .007）。低 ED 零食选择与自我报告的平衡和多样性鼓励呈正相关（B = 0.53，SE = 0.20，p = .008）。儿童食用高 ED 或低 ED 零食与母亲的儿童喂养做法（观察或自我报告）没有显着相关性。我们讨论了这些发现对未来儿童零食选择和消费研究的影响。使用协变量的多元线性回归分析结果表明，高 ED 零食选择与观察到的儿童对食物选择的控制（B = 0.35，SE = 0.12，p = .006）和自我报告的营养教学（B = 0.49，SE = 0.19，p = .010），并与自我报告的平衡和多样性鼓励负相关（B = -0.66，SE = 0.24，p = .007）。低 ED 零食选择与自我报告的平衡和多样性鼓励呈正相关（B = 0.53，SE = 0.20，p = .008）。儿童食用高 ED 或低 ED 零食与母亲的儿童喂养做法（观察或自我报告）没有显着相关性。我们讨论了这些发现对未来儿童零食选择和消费研究的影响。使用协变量的多元线性回归分析结果表明，高 ED 零食选择与观察到的儿童对食物选择的控制（B = 0.35，SE = 0.12，p = .006）和自我报告的营养教学（B = 0.49，SE = 0.19，p = .010），并与自我报告的平衡和多样性鼓励负相关（B = -0.66，SE = 0.24，p = .007）。低 ED 零食选择与自我报告的平衡和多样性鼓励呈正相关（B = 0.53，SE = 0.20，p = .008）。儿童食用高 ED 或低 ED 零食与母亲的儿童喂养做法（观察或自我报告）没有显着相关性。我们讨论了这些发现对未来儿童零食选择和消费研究的影响。