Muscle tissues are characterized by highly organized 3D structures consisting of aligned myocytes and nonmyocytes. Several nano‐ and microfabrication technologies are used to engineer native‐like muscle tissues for muscle regeneration, the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, and in vitro disease modeling. In this paper, traditional tissue engineering methods and novel nano‐/microfabrication technologies for constructing muscle tissues are reviewed. Focus is given on the effects of nano‐/microfabricated architectures on the alignment of cells. In addition, issues of vascularization and cell–cell interaction in fabricating muscle tissues are discussed. Finally, common challenges of fabricating three types of muscle tissues and specific requirements for each type are reviewed, and perspectives are given for future studies.

中文翻译：

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纳米和微细加工用于工程性的天然肌肉组织

肌肉组织的特征是高度组织化的3D结构，该结构由对齐的肌细胞和非肌细胞组成。几种纳米和微细加工技术被用于工程化类似天然的肌肉组织，以进行肌肉再生，心血管疾病的治疗和体外疾病建模。在本文中，回顾了用于组织肌肉组织的传统组织工程方法和新颖的纳米/微加工技术。重点介绍了纳米/微细结构对单元排列的影响。此外，讨论了在制造肌肉组织中的血管形成和细胞间相互作用的问题。最后，回顾了制造三种类型的肌肉组织的常见挑战以及每种类型的特定要求，并给出了未来研究的观点。